Violence women in the Second World War. Shoot vagas: why soldiers rape women

Lieutenant Vladimir Gelfand, a young Jew race from Ukraine, since 1941 and before the end of the war he led his records with an extraordinary sincerity, despite the prohibition of diaries in the Soviet army that existed then.
His son Vitaly, who allowed me to read the manuscript, found a diary when he disassembled his father's papers after his death. The diary was available on the network, but now first published in Russia in the form of a book. Two abbreviated editions of the diary went out in Germany and Sweden.
The diary tells about the absence of order and discipline in regular troops: scanty rations, lice, routine anti-Semitism and infinite theft. As he says, the soldiers even stole their fellow comrades.
In February 1945, the military unit of Gelfand was based near the Oder River, preparing for the attack on Berlin. He recalls how his comrades surrounded and captured the German female battalion.
"The day before yesterday, the female battalion acted on the left flank. He was broken by the head, and the captive cats-chicks declared themselves with avengement for those killed on the front of her husbands. I don't know what they did with them, but it would be necessary to execute the villains ruthlessly," Vladimir Gelfand wrote.
One of the most indicative gelfand stories refers to April 25, when he was already in Berlin. There Gelfand for the first time in life rolled on a bike. Driving along the banks of the river Sprey, he saw a group of women who were trapped somewhere their suitcases and knots.

In February 1945, the military unit of Gelfand was based not far from the Oder River, preparing for the attack on Berlin

"I asked the Germans where they live, in Loman German, and asked why they were left of their house, and they spoke with horror about Tom Mount, which they caused the front of the front on the first night of the arrival of the Red Army," writes the author of the diary .
"They poked here," explained the beautiful German, looming the skirt, "all night, and there were so many. I was a girl," she sighed and cried. "They spoiled me. Among them were old, pimply, and all climbed on. Me, all pokes. They were at least twenty, yes, yes, - and he flooded with tears. "
"They raped my daughter with me," the poor mother inserted, "they can still come and again rape my girl." Everyone came to horror again, and bitter sobs swept out of the corner in the corner of the basement, where the owners led me. "Stay Here, - a girl rushed to me, - you will sleep with me. You can do everything with me that you want, but only you alone! "- writes Gelfand in his diary.

"He struck the hour of revenge!"
German soldiers by that time stained themselves in the Soviet territory by the monstrous crimes, which they committed for almost four years.
Vladimir Gelfand came across testimonies of these crimes as part of his part moved to the battles to Germany.
"When every day murder, every day of injury, when they pass through the villages destroyed by the fascists ... Dad has a lot of descriptions where they destroyed the villages, right up to children, destroyed young children of Jewish nationality ... Even one year old, two-year ... And this is not for some time, these are years. People walked and they saw it. And they went with one goal - to take revenge and kill, "says the son of Vladimir Gelfand Vitaly.
Vitaly Gelfand discovered this diary after the death of his father.
Wehrmacht, as the ideologists of Nazism assumed, was a well-organized force of Aryans, which will not be devastated until sexual contact with "Untermers" ("Neochochkami").
But this ban was ignored, says the historian of the Higher School of Economics Oleg Budnitsky.
The German command was so concerned about the spread of venereal diseases in the troops, which organized the network of army public houses in the occupied territories.

Vladimir Gelfand wrote his diary with an amazing sincerity in those times when it was deadly dangerous

It is difficult to find direct evidence of how German soldiers treated Russian women. Many sacrifices simply did not survive.
But in the German-Russian Museum in Berlin, his director Yorg Morre showed me a photo from a personal album of a German soldier, made in Crimea.
In the photo - the body of a woman, melt on the ground.
"It looks as if she was killed when rape or after him. Her skirt is zadran, and the hands closes the face," says the director of the museum.
"This is a shocking photo. In our museum there were disputes about whether such photos need to be exposed. This is a war, this is sexual violence in the Soviet Union with the Germans. We show the war. Do not talk about war, but show it," says Yorg Morru .
When the Red Army entered the "Lair of the Fascist Beast", as the Soviet press of Berlin called, the posters encouraged the rage of the soldiers: "Soldiers, you are in German land. He struck the hour of revenge!"
The 19th Army Polytotel, who arrived at Berlin along the coast of the Baltic Sea, announced that the real Soviet soldier was so full of hatred that the thought of sexual contact with German would be disgusting to him. But this time the soldiers proved that their ideologues were mistaken.
Historian Anthony Bivor, conducting research for his book "Berlin: Fall", which was published in 2002, found in the Russian State Archive Reports on the epidemic of sexual violence in Germany. These reports were sent at the end of 1944 by the staff of the NKVD Lavrentia Beria.
"They were transmitted to Stalin," says Bivor. "You can see on marks, they read or not. They report on mass rapes in Eastern Prussia and how German women tried to kill themselves and their children to avoid this fate."

"Residents of the dungeon"
Another military diary, who led the bride of a German soldier, talks about how some women adapted to this terrifying situation in trying to survive.
From April 20, 1945, the woman whose name is not called, left on paper ruthless in their honesty observation, insightful and places confused by humor of Hangrik.
The author of the diary describes himself as a "pale blonde, always dressed in the same winter coat." She draws a bright picture of the life of their neighbors in a bomb shelter under their apartment building.
Among her neighbors is "a young man in gray pants and glasses in a thick frame, with a closer look at the woman," as well as three elderly sisters, as she writes, "all three are porn, confused in one big black pudding."

Clock and bicycles were ordinary trophies in Berlin

Waiting for the approaching parts of the Red Army of Women was joked: "Better Russian on me, than Yankees I need to", bearing in mind that it is better to be raped than to die when caron bombardment of American aviation.
But when the soldiers entered their basement and tried to pull out women from there, they began to begged the author of the diary to use her knowledge of Russian to complain to the Soviet command.
On the streets turned into ruins, she managed to find a Soviet officer. He shrugs. Despite the Stalinsky Decree, prohibiting violence against the civilian population, as he says, "it still happens."
Nevertheless, the officer descends to her basement and reports the soldiers. But one of them is outside of anger. "What are you talking about? See what the Germans did with our women!" He screams. "" They took my sister and ... "The officer calms him down and takes the soldiers to the street.
But when the author of the diary goes into the corridor to check, they left or not, there are enough waiting soldiers and rape severely, almost strangling. The horizontal neighbors, or the "residents of the dungeon", as she calls them, hide in the basement, locked the door behind them.
"Finally, two glazers opened. Everyone stared at me," she writes. "My stockings are launched, my hands hold the belts of the belt. I start shouting:" You are pigs! I was raped here twice in a row, and you leave me lying here as a piece of dirt! "
As a result, the author of the diary comes to the idea that she needs to find one "wolf" to defend from new group rapes "Male Beast".
She finds an officer from Leningrad, with whom it divides the bed. Gradually, the relationship between the aggressor and the victim becomes less cruel, more mutual and ambiguous. The German and Soviet officer even discusses the literature and the meaning of life.
"In any way, it is impossible to say that Major rapes me," she writes. "Why do I do it? For bacon, sugar, candles, canned meat? To some extent I am sure that it is. But also I like it. Major, and the less he wants to get from me as a man, the more he likes as a person. "
Many of her neighbors concluded such transactions with the winners of the defeated Berlin.

Some Germans found a way to adapt to this terrible situation.

When in 1959 the diary was published in Germany under the name "Woman in Berlin", this frank story caused a wave of accusations that he felt the honor of German women. It is not surprising that the author, sighing it, demanded not to publish more than a diary before his death.

Eisenhower: shoot in place
Rape was the problem of not only the Red Army.
Bob Lilly, a historian from the University of North Kentucky, was able to access the archives of US military courts.
His book (Taken by Force) caused so much disputes that at first no American publishing house was decided to publish it, and the first edition appeared in France.
According to the approximate estimates of Lilly, about 14 thousand rapes were committed by American soldiers in England, France and Germany from 1942 to 1945.
"In England, rape cases were quite small, but as soon as American soldiers crossed La Mans, their number increased sharply," says Lilly.
According to him, the rape was the problem of not only the image, but also army discipline. "Eisenhuer said to shoot a soldier at the crime scene and report the executions in military newspapers, such as Stars and Stripes. In Germany there was a peak of this phenomenon," he says.
- And the soldiers for rape were executed?
- Oh yeah!
- But not in Germany?
- No. Not a single soldier was executed for the rape or killing of German citizens, "Lilly recognizes.
Today, historians continue to investigate the facts of sexual crimes committed by the allies in Germany.
For many years, the topic of sexual violence by the allied troops - American, British, French and Soviet soldiers - on the territory of Germany officially silent. Few people reported about it, and even less wishing to listen to all.

Silence
About such things in society is generally not easy to speak. In addition, in East Germany, it was considered hardly blasphemy to criticize the Soviet heroes who beat fascism.
And in West Germany, the wines that the Germans experienced for the crime of Nazism, overthrew the subject of the suffering of this people.
But in 2008 in Germany in the diary, a resident of Berlin came out "Unnamed - one woman in Berlin" with an actress by Nina Hoss in the lead role.
This film became a revelation for the Germans and prompted many women to tell about what happened to them. Among these women are Ingeborg Bullette.
Now 90-year-old Ingeborg lives in Hamburg in the apartment, full photos of cats and books about the theater. In 1945 she was 20. She dreamed of becoming an actress and lived with her mother on a pretty fashionable street in the Berlinsky district of Charlottenburg.

"I thought they would kill me," says Ingeborg Bullurt

When the Soviet attack on the city began, she hid in the basement of his house, like the author of the "Woman in Berlin" diary.
"Suddenly, there were tanks on our street, they laid the bodies of Russian and German soldiers everywhere," she recalls. "I remember the horrific extensive sound of falling Russian bombs. We called their stalinorgels (" Stalinist authorities ")."
Once in the break between the bombings, Ingeborg got out of the basement and ran up the rope, which she adapted to the wick for the lamp.
"Suddenly, I saw the two Russians, who sent pistols on me," she says. "One of them made me shake me and raped me. Then they changed in places, and I was raped by another. I thought I would die that they would kill me."
Then Ingeborg did not tell you what happened to her. She was silent about it for several decades, because it would be too hard to talk about it. "My mother loved to brag that her daughter was not touched," she recalls.

Wave abortion
But the rapes were many women in Berlin. Ingeborg recalls that immediately after the war, women from 15 to 55 years old were ordered to pass the analysis for sexually transmitted diseases.
"In order to get food cards, I needed a medical certificate, and I remember that all the doctors, their issues, the receptions were full of women," she recalls.
What was the real scale of rape? Most often called figures in 100 thousand women in Berlin and two million throughout Germany. These numbers, hotly challenging, were accumulated from scanty medical records, preserved to this day.
Folders with Medical DocumentsImage CopyrightBBC WORLD SERVICE

These medical documents of 1945 miraculously survived

Only in one area of \u200b\u200bBerlin, 995 requests for abortions were approved for half a year.

At the former military factory, where the state archive is now being stored, his employee Martin Lukhterhand shows me a pack of blue cardboard folders.
They contain data on abortion from June to October 1945 in Nequelle, one of 24 districts of Berlin. The fact that they are preserved intact is a small miracle.
In Germany, the abortions were prohibited in accordance with Article 218 of the Criminal Code. But Lukhterhand says that after the war there was a short period of time when women were allowed to interrupt pregnancy. A special situation was associated with mass rapes in 1945.
From June 1945 to 1946, 995 requests for abortion were approved only in the area of \u200b\u200bBerlin. Folders contain more than a thousand pages of different colors and size. One of the girls rounded baby handwriting writes that he was raped at home, in the living room in the eyes of his parents.

Bread instead of revenge
For some soldiers, it was worth it to run, women became the same trophy as clocks or bicycles. But others behaved quite differently. In Moscow, I met a 92-year-old veteran Yury Lyashenko, who remembers how instead of revenge, the soldiers handed the Germans to the Germans.

Yuri Lyashenko says that Soviet soldiers in Berlin behaved in different ways

"To feed, of course, we could not everyone, right? And what we had, we shared with children. Little children are so intimidated, the eyes are so terrible ... a pity children, "he remembers.
In the jacket, hung with orders and medals, Yuri Lyashenko invites me to his little apartment on the top floor of a multi-storey house and treats brandy and boiled eggs.
He tells me what I wanted to become an engineer, but was called into the army and just like Vladimir Gelfand, passed the whole war to Berlin.
Pouring cognac in a glass, it offers a toast for peace. The toasts for peace often sound meant, but it feels that words go from the heart.
We are talking about the beginning of the war, when he almost amputated to the leg, and that he felt when he saw a red flag over Reichstag. After some time, I decide to ask him about rape.
"I don't know, there was no such unit ... Of course, obviously, such cases were depending on the person himself, from people," says Veteran of War. "Here is one such such ... one will help, and the other is abruptly ... on the face of It is not written, you do not know him."

Look back in the past
Probably, we will never know the real scale of rape. Materials of Soviet military tribunals and many other documents remain closed. Recently, the State Duma approved the law "On encroachment on historical memory", according to which anyone who lies the contribution of the USSR to victory over fascism, can earn a cash fine and up to five years of imprisonment.
The young historian of the Humanitarian University in Moscow Vera Dububin said that he knew nothing about these rapes until he received a scholarship for study in Berlin. After studying in Germany, she wrote a job on this topic, but could not publish it.
"Russian media responded very aggressively," she says. "People want to know only about our glorious victory in the Great Patriotic War, and now it becomes more and more difficult to conduct serious research."

Soviet field kitchens distributed to the inhabitants of Berlin food

History is often rewritten in favor of conjuncture. That is why eyewitness evidence is so important. Certificates of those who dared to speak on this topic now, in old age, and the stories then still young people who recorded their testimony about the war.
Vitaly, the Son of the author of the Army diary of Vladimir Gelfand, suggests that many Soviet soldiers showed great heroism in the years of World War II. But this is not the whole story, he believes.
"If people do not want to know the truth, they want to be mistaken and want to talk about how everything was beautiful and noble - it's stupid, it's self-deck," he reminds. "It understands the whole world, and Russia understands. And even those who are worth it. Behind these laws about the distortion of the past, they also understand. We cannot move into the future until we figure it out with the past. "

Krasnoarmeys, mostly poorly educated, were characterized by complete ignorance in sex issues and rude attitude towards women

"The soldiers of the Red Army do not believe in" individual relationships "with German women, - wrote the playwright Zakhar agranenko in his diary, which he led during the war in East Prussia. - Nine, ten, twelve immediately - they rape them collectively."

Long columns of the Soviet troops, entered into Eastern Prussia in January 1945, were an unusual mix of modernity and the Middle Ages: Tankers in black leather helmets, Cossacks on the rude horses, to the saddles of which were tied to the loaded, dojie and studebers obtained on Land Lases, Behind who followed the second echelon, consisting of a cart. The variety of weapons fully corresponded to the diversity of the characters of the soldiers themselves, among whom were both frank gangsters, drunkards and rapists and the Communists, idealists and representatives of the intelligentsia, which were shocked by the behavior of their comrades.

In Moscow, Beria and Stalin knew perfectly on what was happening from the detailed reports, in one of which it was reported: "Many Germans believe that all the Germans remaining in Eastern Prussia were raped by the soldiers of the Red Army."

Numerous examples of group rapes "as minors and old women" were brought.

Marshall Rokossovsky issued an order # 006 in order to send "a sense of hatred for the enemy to the battlefield." It did not lead to anything. There were several arbitrary attempts to restore order. The commander of one of the rifle regiments of the allegedly "personally shot the lieutenant, who built his soldiers in front of the German, who was shedding." But in most cases or officers themselves participated in the inconsistencies or the lack of discipline among drunken soldiers armed with automata, made it impossible to restore order.

Calls to take revenge for the deposit, subjected to the attack of the Wehrmacht, were understood as permission to show cruelty. Even young women, soldiers and health workers did not oppose. A 21-year-old girl from Culture Agranenko said: "Our soldiers behave with the Germans, especially with German women, absolutely correct." Someone seemed curious. So, some Germans remember that Soviet women watched them as raping, and laughed. But some were deeply shocked by the fact that they saw in Germany. Natalia Hesse, a close friend of the scientist Andrei Sakharov, was a military correspondent. Later she recalled: "Russian soldiers raped all the Germans aged 8 to 80. It was an army of rapist."

Blinking, including hazardous chemicals stolen from laboratories, played a significant role in this violence. It seems that Soviet soldiers could attack a woman, just hanged for courage. But at the same time, they were too often drunk to such a state that they could not complete the sexual act and enjoyed bottles - part of the victims was disfigured in this way.

The theme of the mass decentations of the Red Army in Germany was so long banned in Russia, that even now veterans deny what they had a place. Only some talked about it openly, but without any regrets. The commander of the tank division recalled: "They all raised the skirts and lay down on the bed." He even bowed that "two million of our children were born in Germany."

The ability of Soviet officers to convince themselves that most of the victims were either satisfied, or agree that it was a fair fee for the actions of the Germans in Russia, amazing. The Soviet Major stated the English journalist at that time: "Our comrades were so hungry on women's affairs, which was often raped by sixty-seventy and even eighty-year-old to their frank surprise, if not to tell her."

One can only be a psychological contradiction. When the raped residents of Koenigsberg begged their tormentors to kill them, the Red Army counted themselves offended. They answered: "Russian soldiers do not shoot in women. So only the Germans do." The Red Army convinced himself that, since she took the role of the liberator of Europe from fascism, her soldiers had the full right to behave, as they would be pleased.

The feeling of superiority and humiliation was characterized by the behavior of most of the soldiers in relation to Women of Eastern Prussia. The victims not only paid for the crimes of the Wehrmacht, but also symbolized the attastic object of aggression - the same old as the war itself. As the historian and feminist Susan Brownmiller noted, rape, as the right of the conqueror, directed "against the Women's Enemy" to emphasize the victory. True, after the initial frenzy of January 1945, sadism manifest itself more and less. When the Red Army reached Berlin after 3 months, the soldiers have already considered the Germans through the prism of the usual "the right of winners." The feeling of superiority was unconditionally preserved, but it was possible, an indirect consequence of those humiliations that the soldiers themselves underwent from their commanders and the Soviet leadership as a whole.

Some other factors also played a role. Sexual freedom was widely discussed in the 20s in the framework of the Communist Party, but already next decade, Stalin did everything to ensure that Soviet Society became actually asexual. This was not connected with the Puritan looks of Soviet people - the fact is that love and sex did not fit into the concept of "deyl alignment" personality. Natural desires needed to suppress. Freud was banned, divorce and marital treason was not approved by the Communist Party. Homosexuality became criminalized. The new doctrine completely banned sex education. In art, the image of a female breast, even covered with clothing, was considered a riding erotica: it was supposed to close the working overalls. The regime required that any expression of passion was sublimated in love for the party and to Comrade Stalin personally.

Red Army women, mostly poorly educated, were characterized by complete ignorance in sex issues and rude attitude towards women. Thus, attempts by the Soviet state to suppress the libido of their citizens led to the fact that one Russian writer called the "lamb erotica", which was significantly more primitive and cruel than any tough pornography. All this was mixed with the influence of modern propaganda, depriving a person of his essence, and atavistic primitive impulses, designated fear and suffering.

The writer Vasily Grossman, the military correspondent in the upcoming Red Army, soon discovered that the victims of rape were not only Germans. Among them were polika, as well as young Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians, who were in Germany as a displaced labor. He noted: "The liberated Soviet women often complain that our soldiers rape them. One girl told me in tears:" It was an old man, older than my father. "

The rape of Soviet women will not attempted to explain the behavior of the Red Army to the revenge for German inconsistency in the Soviet Union. On March 29, 1945, the Central Committee of the Komsomol notified Malenkov about the report from the 1st Ukrainian Front. General Tsygankov reported: "On the night of February 24, a group of 35 soldiers and commander of their battalion penetrated the women's hostel in the village of Gretenberg and raped everyone."

In Berlin, despite Goebbels propaganda, many women were simply not ready for the horrors of Russian revenge. Many tried to convince themselves that, although the danger should be great in the village, mass rapes cannot occur in the city in plain sight.

In Dahmem (Dahlem), the Soviet officers visited Sister Kunigundu, the providet of the Women's Monastery, which was the shelter and the maternity hospital. Officers and soldiers behaved perfectly. They even warned that reinforcements follow them. Their prediction came true: nuns, girls, old women, pregnant women and just giving birth were all raped without pity.

Already a few days later, among the soldiers, it was used to choose his victims, shining them in the face of torch. The selection process itself, instead of violence without parsing, indicates a certain change. By this time, Soviet soldiers began to consider German women not as responsible for the crimes of the Wehrmacht, but as for military prey.

Rape is often defined as violence, a little associated with actually sexual activation. But this is a definition from the point of view of the victims. To understand the crime, you need to see it from the point of view of the aggressor, especially in the later stages, when "just" rape changed the infinitive rags of January and February.

Many women were forced to "surrender" to one soldier in the hope that he would protect them from others. Magda Viland (Magda Wieland), a 24-year-old actress, tried to hide in the closet, but he from there pulled out a young soldier from Central Asia. It was so excited the opportunity to make love with a beautiful young blonde, which cumsily ahead of time. Magda tried to explain to him that he agrees to become his girlfriend if he defend her from other Russian soldiers, but he told her his comrades about her, and one soldier raped her. Ellen Getz (Ellen Goetz), Jewish girlfriend Magda, was also raped. When the Germans tried to explain to Russians that she was a Jew and that she was pursued, they received in response: "Frau Ist Frau" ( Woman eating a woman - approx. per.).

Soon, women learned to hide during evening "hunting hours." Young daughters were hid in attics for several days. Mothers went out of water only early in the morning, so as not to get under the arm with Soviet soldiers, swept away after Popoch. Sometimes the greatest danger proceeded to the neighbors who were given the places where the girls hide, trying to save their own daughters. Old Berliners still remember screams at night. They could not be heard, since all the windows were knocked out.

According to two city hospitals, 95,000-130000 women became victims of rapes. One doctor counted that out of 100,000 raped, about 10,000 then died, mostly, she applied with him. Mortality among 1.4 million raped in East Prussia, Pomerania and Silesia was even higher. Although at least 2 million Germans were raped, a significant part of them, if not most, became victims of group rapes.

If someone tried to protect a woman from the Soviet rapist, it was either a father trying to protect her daughter, or a son trying to protect his mother. "The 13-year-old Dieter Sal (Dieter Sahl)," wrote the neighbors in a letter shortly after the event. "Rushed with fists in Russian, who raped his mother right in his eyes. He achieved just what he was shot."

After the second stage, when women offered themselves to one soldier to defend themselves from the rest, the next stage occurred - the post-war famous hunger - as Susan Brownmiller, "a thin line separating military rape from military prostitution." Ursula von Kardorf (Ursula von Kardorf) notes that shortly after the delivery of Berlin, the city was filled with women trading for food or alternative currency - cigarettes. Helke Sander (Helke Sander), a German film director who thoroughly studied this question, writes about "mixtures of direct violence, blackmail, calculation and real affection."

The fourth stage was a strange form of the cohabitation of the officers of the Red Army with German "occupying wives." Soviet officials came to rabies, when several Soviet officers deserted from the army when the time came to return home to stay with their German mistresses.

Even if the feminist definition of rape as exclusively the act of violence and seems simplified, male complacency there is no excuse. The events of 1945 clearly show us how subtle can be a raid of civilization, if there is no fear of response actions. They also remind that men's sexuality has a dark side, the existence of which we prefer not to remember.

__________________________

Specarhiv InoSMI.ru.

("The Daily Telegraph", United Kingdom)

("The Daily Telegraph", United Kingdom)

Insurance materials contain estimates of exclusively foreign media and do not reflect the position of the EOSMI's editorial office.

Military rape is not always just an individual act of aggression of individual or many men over a separate woman. Why are the soldiers everywhere rape "women of the enemy"? To write off everything on the "biology" and "animal thirst for sex and violence" means to simplify the picture and close the eyes on the political economy of military rape. This is a political and social phenomenon, and mass rape is recognized as one of the tools for conducting hostilities.

Women during wars turn out to be especially vulnerable. Openly talk about mass rapes during the Second World War, only recently began. The UN Report for 2016 contains information on sexual violence during hostilities in Afghanistan, Central African Republic, Colombia, Democratic Republic of Congo, Iraq, Libya, Mali, South Sudan, Syria, Yemen and other countries. This question is also relevant to women who are subject to violence in the regions covered by the war in Ukraine.

Sexual violence in the eastern regions of Ukraine is not used in strategic or tactical purposes, is approved in the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights. These practitioners were used as a means of torture and ill-treatment to punish, humiliation or enforcement. In addition, sexual violence is treated in order to force people deprived of their liberty, to give the right to property or fulfill other requirements for rapists in exchange for security or exemption.

SEXUAL VIOLENCE AS A MEANS OF TORTURE OCCURS BOTH IN RELATION TO WOMEN AND MEN.

In most documented cases, sexual violence was carried out in the form of beats, injuring the genitals by electric shock, rape and threats with rape, forced exposure. Some of the cases in binding to armed conflict could be war crimes, the report says.

What is "military culture" and how is it related to the legitimization of mass rapes? What happens to the surviving women and what effects are mass rapes produce a community?

Military culture and "Women of the Enemy"

An expert on International Humanitarian Law Duke Law School Mandel Morris in the study of rape during the war came to the conclusion that the Specificity of military training creates prerequisites for promoting violence against women.

The combination of Morris military training characteristics is called military culture. Key properties of military culture making the violence of the norm - these are deindividualization, hypermasculity, specificity of attitudes towards sexuality and women.

Definalization Morris explains as a man deprivation of individuality. Definividual soldiers believe in the existence of community, solidarize until the readiness to give life to each other, cease to doubt that they are fighting for whom. For successful participation in armed conflict, well-prepared people are needed who perceive the war seriously and are ready to fight until the last.

For deindividualization, it is characterized by creating strong ties within the group, which produce a high degree of mutual support and solidarity. This, however, is accompanied by the possibility of tougher actions in relation to others, someone else, those who are perceived as the enemy of the community.

WITH THE SAME PASSION WITH WHICH THE SOLDIERS ARE WILLING TO DEFEND "THEIR WOMEN", THEY CAN BE LOOSENED OVER THE "WOMEN OF THE ENEMY", BECAUSE THERE ARE NO "JUST PEOPLE", BUT THERE ARE "THEIR" AND "STRANGERS", AND THE ABYSS BETWEEN THEM IS HUGE.

The high degree of solidarity and mutual supports, as well as hatred of the enemy - products of de-view, contributing to the huge contribution to the legitimization of mass rapes during the period of armed conflict.

Hypermasculinity - This is what creates a "real man in war." It is around masculinity that the identity for all participants is lined up. Morris emphasizes: "The world of the soldier is characterized by stereotypical masculinity. His language is foul language, he confesses direct and coarse sexuality, his masculinity is his weapon, a means of measuring the competence, the ability to fight and confidence. "

In military culture, sex is understood as the operation of a man, aggression and domination. A woman in the discourse of hypermasculinity - the focus of qualities, which are considered manifestation of weakness and secondaryness, and therefore women are perceived as flawed and defective people.

In a situation where masculinity is built as non-feminosis (one of the strongest insults for a man - "We keep yourself like a woman", etc.), women personify those others through the dominance of which a man / soldier is alleged in his masculinity.

In war, violence "submittles of women", and also belonging to the enemy, it turns out not just admissible, but also mandatory practice. The same men who love their wives and daughters and are exemplary family mans and citizens in peacetime, in war are capable of the most cruel deeds regarding the "Women of the Enemy".

Political economy of military rape

What are the socioeconomic consequences of the rape of women in the zones of hostilities?

In a number of traditional societies, where the patriarchal foundations are strong, the raped woman is expelled from the community in view of the experienced "shame". A woman is deprived of access to land and material resources, because the main owners are her father, brother, husband, son. In most of Africa, children born as a result of rape will never be able to become part of the community, like their mother.

In the case of a non-international armed conflict, rape is a productive economic method of warfare, it gives access to the property of a woman: after rape, the rapist remains in the house and enjoys everything that belonged to the family of raped woman.

Sometimes military rapes are intentionally carried out in such a way that they see them as many people belonging to the same community as a woman. In such cases, rape is not so much an act over a separate woman, how much over the entire community, especially over men. By raping the "Woman of the Enemy", the military symbolically rape and all the community, demonstrating power and strength.

Combatants can use sexual violence for the alienation of women's labor on the reproduction of children. Rape makes it impossible for a woman to raise children in their own community by virtue of its "stainedness". Often, women specifically cause injuries to physically could not get pregnant. In some communities, wash the shame of violence only through the killing of the raped woman.

Shoot vagas

In the book Naomi Wulf "Vagina: a new female sexuality story" One of the main abstracts is that the value of the vagina in the life of a woman is undervalued, and we ourselves have no idea how important this is our body. The fact is that through the pelvic nerve Vagina has a significant impact on the processes in the brain.

THE INTEGRITY AND "SATISFACTION" OF THE VAGINA IS DIRECTLY RELATED TO THE LIFE OF THE WOMAN, THE ABILITY TO REJOICE, HAVE FUN, TO ACHIEVE GOALS AND CREATE.

All claims to its authors. No matter how you belong to Bosnians and their religion, justify sexual violence against children can only moral freaks, especially since violence was also performed over Christians. The argument "All sides of the conflict committed crimes" will not ride, as: 1) It is true that the advantage was on the side of Serbian bandforms 2) After violence over his relatives, try to console yourself that violence is everywhere around the world.


During the Bosnian War and the so-called. "Bosnian genocide", in rapes, all ethnic groups and sides of the conflict were involved, but the overwhelming majority Rape was committed by the Bosnian Serbs of the Army Republic of Serbian (ARS) and Serbian militarized formations used Rape civilians as a tool Terror in the framework of its ethnic cleaning program. The UN and various international organizations differ in the number of victims, assessing their number at 12,000 - 50,000.

Trial Member army of the Republic of Serbian Dragoluba Kunaracha was the first case in the world judicial practicethat man was convicted for use Rape as the instrument of war. Wide lighting in the media on the atrocities of Serbian Bandoforming and Military Force against Bosnian women and children, led to the international condemnation of Serbian forces.

After the collapse of Yugoslavia in connection with the growth of inter-ethnic tension, the Serbian propaganda actively inflated the hysteria on the participation of a small number of Bosnians in the movement of Thamy in 1940, and also inspired that Bosnian Muslims racially differ from the Serbs, they have Turkish blood, although on the fact of DNA research is shown That the Serbs and Bosnians are about the same at the gene level.

Even before the start of the conflict, Bosnians in Eastern Bosnia have already begun to dismiss from work, to oppress and limit the freedom of movement. At the beginning of the war, Serbian forces chose the Civilian population of Bosnians with their target. As their cities and villages, military, police, gangs and, sometimes, even Serbian residents continued these attacks. Bosnian houses and apartments were looted or destroyed to the ground, the civilian population was drove, some of them were brutally tortured or killed. Men and women were separated separately, and then chosen into concentration camps.

The suburb of Sarayeva Grbavica, a place where one of the like camps of violence was located.

The number of victims of women and girls is estimated from 12,000 to 50,000, most Bosnikov were raped by Bosnian Serbs. The Serbs organized the "rape camps", where women were systematic violence, and the survivors were produced only if they were pregnant from Serbs. Mass and public rape in front of the village or neighbors were also not uncommon.

On October 6, 1992, UN Security Council established the Commission of Experts chaired by M. Cherif Bassiiouni. According to the conclusions of the Commission, it was obvious that rape was used by the Serbian forces systematically, and had the support of commanders and local authorities. The Commission also reported that some criminals recognized that they had raped by order. Others argued that the use of rape was tactic to make sure that the Bosnian population would not return to this area. The attackers spoke to their victims that they should endure a child of the ethnic affiliation of the attacker, pregnant were kept in conclusion until it became late to interfere with pregnancy. The victims threatened that they were detected and killed in case they would inform about what happened.

The team of researchers of the European Community, including Simon Wale and Ann Warberton, made a similar conclusion in their report of 1993 that rape Performed Bosnian Serbs, was not a side effect of the conflict, but it was part systematic The politicians of ethnic cleansing and "committed with the conscious intention to demoralize and terrorize communities, beating them from their native regions and demonstrating the strength of Serbian invaders."

Serbian forces created camps where rape occupied, such as in Keraterma, Vilina Vlas, Manya, Omarsk, Ternopol, Uzamnica and War. In May 1992, Serbian peasants from Snagovo, Straw, surrounded and captured the village of Lipl and turned it into a concentration camp. Four hundred people were imprisoned in several houses, and there were rape, torture and murder.

For five months between the spring and summer of 1992, from 5,000 to 7,000 Bosnians and Croats were in inhuman conditions on Omarsk. In the concentration camp, rape, sexual encroachments and torture men and women were commonplace. One newspaper described the events there as "the place of orgies, murder, injury, beating and rape." Rape with murder and physical violence were the usual phenomenon. In the camp Ternopol, the unknown number of women and girls were raped by Serbian soldiers, police and camp guards. In the Uzamnica camp, one of the witnesses in the case of Oliver Krsmanovic, accused of committing crimes related to the mass killings of Visegradskaya, argued that detainees were forced to violence over women.

The correctional camps were created in the focus controlled Serbs. At that time, there was one of the most famous places in the rape of the city that the "House of Karaman", where Bosnian women, including minors aged 12, were repeatedly exposed to rape. During the trial of the Dragolyum Kunarach and its accomplices, the conditions of these camps were described as "monstrously unsanitary", and the head of the city of the city of the Foca, Dragan Ghagovich, was identified as one of those who would like to visit these camps, where he chose women captured On the street, and then raped them.

Women and girls selected by Kuanaracha or His people were delivered to the Serbian military base and were raped. In other cases, girls entered into custody and kept in various places over long periods of time in sexual slavery. Radomir Kovach, who was also convicted by the International Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (MTBY), personally kept four girls in his apartment, abusing the rape of three of them many times, at the same time allowing his acquaintances to rape one of the girls. Before selling them, Kovach gave for a time two of them to other Serbian soldiers who used them for more than three weeks.

In the early 1990s, prizes began for legal measures to stop the genocide that had a place in Bosnia.MTBY created a precedent that rape in the military is one of the forms of torture.By 2011, he charged 161 people from all ethnic groups for committing war crimes, and heard the testimony of more than 4,000 witnesses.In 1993, MTBY is determined by rape as a crime against humanity, and also identified rape, sexual slavery and sexual violence as international crimes, which are regarded as torture and genocide.

Judges from MTBYA approved during the trial over Dragolub Kunarach, Radomir Kovache and Milorad of Rowelts, that rape was used by the Bosnian Serbian armed forces as a "terror instrument".Kunaraz was sentenced to 28 years in prison for rape, torture and enslavement of women.Kovach, who raped a 12-year-old child, and then sold it to slavery, was sentenced to 20 years of imprisonment and RNELETS received up to 15 years.MTBY said that "Hell Orgy and executions took place in various camps throughout Bosnia."