E-book ISBN: 978-89-8411-695-5 (95900) Published by: Sechang Publishing Company Publisher: Lee Bang-won Planning: Hanyang University Comparative History and Culture Research Institute E-book publication date: June 23, 2017

This e-book was selected by the Korea Publishing Culture Industry Promotion Agency for the “2017 Text-Type E-Book Production Support” program.

Chapter 1. The Problem of Wartime Sexual Violence and the Critical Limits of the Theory of Justice — Lee Chang-nam Uncomfortable Global Questions ··· 13 Aspects of Wartime Sexual Violence in the Soviet Context ··· 15 Critical Limits of the Theory of Justice ··· 32 The Enemy in the Mirror and International Justice ··· 43

Chapter 2. Okinawa: Expanding Memories of Violence — Shim Jeong-myeong “Rainbow Bird” and “The Voice of Violence” ··· 54 “The Forest Deep in the Snow” and the Invasion of Memory ··· 64 Conclusion ··· 75

Chapter 3. Characteristics and Meaning of the Politics of Human Remains in Latin America — Noh Yong-seok The History of State Violence in Latin America ··· 80 The Exhumation of Salvador Allende’s Remains ··· 83 The Creation of Symbols Through Exhumation: The Cases of Simón Bolívar and Golorat ··· 87 Resistance Through DNA and Human Remains ··· 91 Conclusions ··· 98

Chapter 1. Violence in the Age of Globalization and a Recognition-Based Concept of Violence — Moon Seong-hoon Epistemological Reconstruction of the Concept of Violence: From Bodily Harm to Violation of the Person ··· 104 Structural Changes in the Order of Recognition in the Age of Globalization ··· 110 Violence and Alternatives in a Global Context ··· 114 Concluding Remarks ··· 119

Chapter 2. The Paradox of Neoliberal Freedom and Democratic Publicness — Park Young-do The Paradox of Freedom and the Neoliberal Turn ··· 122 Recognition, the Paradox of Freedom, and Democratic Publicness ··· 125 The Neoliberal System of Recognition and the Principle of Achievement: A Synthesis of Market Logic and Achievement ··· 128 The Inverted Relation to the Self and the Subjective Aspect of the Paradox of Freedom ··· 133 The Destruction of Publicness and the Erosion of the Achievement Principle: The Social Aspect ··· 136 The Fusion of Biopower and Sovereignty: The Political Aspect ··· 139 The Principle of Achievement and Discourse Under Neoliberal Democracy ··· 144

Chapter 3. Oligarchic Inequality — Sighard Neckel The Destructive Influence of the Financial Industry ··· 154 The Market for Top-Management Positions ··· 156 The Superstar Economy ··· 159 Privileges in the Rental Market ··· 162 The Political Influence of the “Property-Protection Industry” ··· 164 The Refeudalization of the Economic Elite ··· 167

This year marks the 70th anniversary of the end of the Second World War. Although assessments of the war differ, criticism and reflection on the immense violence that accompanied that era have not yet been completed, and many unresolved questions still remain before us. Even today, in the absence of direct warfare, discrimination and ignorance produced by economic and structural inequality, together with accelerating globalization and violence directed against it, fuel conflicts between races and religions and threaten global civilization as a new and growing danger. In a world where violence has become an omnipresent reality and observing it part of everyday life, it appears necessary to rethink the concept of justice and strategies for action.

This is because neither historical reflection on the past nor legal evaluation of present-day violence is capable of fully resolving accumulated conflicts. In considering the diverse forms of violence encountered in contemporary society, the authors of this book share the conviction that a new horizon of justice is necessary. Contemporary assessments of the Second World War remain framed by theories of justice belonging to powerful nation-states and are often placed in the context of the so-called global civilization. At the same time, attempts to explain and respond to growing economic inequality and ethnic conflicts also rely on ideas of justice inherited from the past. Only a deeper reflection on the phenomenon of violence, grounded in an up-to-date perception and analysis of the present, can overcome outdated approaches and biased judgments. On this basis, the book proposes conceptual frameworks for thinking about violence.

In Part I, “Violence and Memory,” and Part II, “The Paradox of Freedom,” the authors diagnose these problems and propose solutions from different directions. Part I is devoted mainly to the study of physical violence and the ways in which it is understood in literature. The studies presented here call for the construction of a global discourse on violence. Thus, in Chapter 1 of Part I, “The Problem of Wartime Sexual Violence and the Critical Limits of Justice,” Chang-nam Lee examines unresolved questions surrounding sexual violence in Berlin and on the Eastern Front during the Second World War. He also addresses the prosecution of wartime sexual crimes, which began in earnest only with the Yugoslav wars of the 1990s. The gender bias of postwar justice and the ideological justification of violence that persist in contemporary legal, political, and cultural spaces are criticized within the framework of a transnational theory of justice.

In Chapter 2, “Okinawa: Expanding Memories of Violence,” Shim Jeong-myeong analyzes a novel by Okinawan writer Shun Medoruma and considers sexual violence committed by U.S. servicemen. Here the distinction between “before” and “after” loses its meaning in the context of everyday life, while memories of violence carried into inner experience demand reinterpretation. Chapter 3, by Noh Yong-seok, is devoted to the “politics of human remains” in Latin America and to the analysis of the transnational characteristics of violence, especially in relation to the search for truth and the interpretation of human remains. The author points to the necessity of a transnational approach to violence that crosses national boundaries.

In Europe, East Asia, and Latin America, past violence becomes part of the present through memory. The politics of memory in these regions becomes the foundation on which perceptions of the present are formed. All three essays in Part I raise this issue and suggest directions for further reflection. They emphasize that refusing to intervene is unacceptable.

Part II is devoted to diagnosing violence caused by economic, structural, and psychological inequality in the age of globalization and to searching for solutions. In Chapter 1, “The Age of Globalization: Concepts of Violence and Recognition,” Moon Seong-hoon argues that the relationship between recognition and disregard lies behind contemporary violence. He proposes using recognition theory to analyze the position of refugees, undocumented migrants, and other vulnerable groups under globalization, thereby suggesting strategic directions for overcoming injustice.

In Chapter 2, “The Paradox of Neoliberal Freedom and Democratic Publicness,” Park Young-do analyzes how neoliberalism—a new globalized economic phenomenon—operates as a principle of self-discipline. He critically examines the dominant role of the market and seeks new political and social foundations for justice under conditions in which freedom becomes an instrument for deepening inequality. In Chapter 3, Sighard Neckel (translated by Kim Joo-ho) analyzes “oligarchic inequality” in post-democratic society. He examines the so-called “new feudalism”—a situation in which social mobility becomes restricted and class differences increasingly rigid. Drawing on Habermas’s ideas, the author finds empirical confirmation of the phenomenon of “refeudalization.”

In critically examining inequality under globalization, the authors of Part II share concerns expressed in works such as Frank and Cook’s The Winner-Take-All Society and Thomas Piketty’s Capital in the Twenty-First Century. Today’s economic and social inequalities fuel racial and religious conflicts and threaten the very idea of globalization. The three essays in Part II investigate the roots of contemporary violence in the context of globalization and neoliberal policy, diagnose it, and suggest possible directions for solutions.

Although Parts I and II approach the problem of violence from different angles, they converge on the central point: the limitations of national and state-centered approaches must be overcome, and a transnational concept of justice and corresponding strategies of practice must be developed. Such an approach requires rethinking not only current violence but also its historical and structural foundations.

Although it is impossible to encompass the entire spectrum of violence in a single book, each chapter concentrates on a particular aspect of the problem and proposes directions for critical reflection. The book grew out of the academic conference “Violence and Communication,” held on June 20, 2015 by the Institute of Comparative History and Culture at Hanyang University. I would like to thank once again all participants and experts whose ideas contributed to this work. I also express my deepest gratitude to the authors, translators, and editorial staff of Sechang Publishing Co. for their help in bringing the book to publication. I hope that the ideas and questions presented here will become a starting point for new studies and richer results in future work.

On behalf of the authors, Chang-nam Lee

Chang-nam Lee

Professor at the Institute of Comparative History and Culture, Hanyang University. His works include “The Tasks of Comparative Literature and Literary Transnationalism” (2015), “Enemies and Comrades in the Cold War,” “The Pathology of Bare Life” (2014), and many others. His books and edited volumes include Poesiebegriff der Athenauemszeit (2005) and Bilingual Writers: In Search of the Transnational Origins of Modern Literature (2013); his translations include Allegories of Reading (2010) and Paul de Man and Deconstructive Texts (2007). His current research explores language, violence, and the city at the boundary between literature and history.

Shim Jeong-myeong

Research professor in the HK program at the Institute of Comparative History and Culture, Hanyang University. Her articles include “3.11 and the End of the Postwar Period: Meaningless Death and the Problem of Mourning,” “The Imagined Community of ‘Japanese’ Novels and ‘Korean’ Readers: Focusing on Hideo Okuda’s Southbound!,” and “Literary Practice that Questions Boundaries: From Michiko Ishimure’s Paradise in the Sea of Sorrow.” Her translations include The Thought of Adhesion and The Thought of the Street. Her current research concerns representations of disaster and memories of the atomic bomb and war.

Noh Yong-seok

Professor in the Division of International and Area Studies at Pukyong National University. His works include “The Partisan Who Became a Boss: The Life of a Southern Partisan Fighter and Recollections of Partisan Activity” (2016), “From ‘Funeral Rites’ to ‘Social Commemoration’: The History and Characteristics of Exhuming Civilian Massacre Victims Before and After the Korean War” (2015), as well as the edited volumes Human Rights and International Development Cooperation in Latin America (2015) and Settling the Past and Democracy in Latin America (2014). He currently researches the settlement of past wrongs and Latin American cultural anthropology.

Moon Seong-hoon

Professor in the College of General Education at Seoul Women’s University. He serves as chief editor of the Korean edition of WestEnd, the journal of the Frankfurt School, and has served on the editorial planning committee of Professor Shinmun and as chair of the research committee of the Philosophical Society. His books include Michel Foucault’s Critical Ontology and The Age of Recognition. He co-authored Theses of the Frankfurt School, Theses of the Postmodern, Theses of Contemporary Political Philosophy, and Theses of Contemporary Feminism. His translations include The Struggle for Recognition (co-translation), Redistribution or Recognition? (co-translation), and The Idea of Socialism, among others.

Park Young-do

Senior research fellow at the Jungmin Foundation for Social Theory. His articles include “The Threefold Structure of Human Rights and Human Rights in East Asia” (2016) and “Democracy in the Age of Globalization: Its Dilemmas and Prospects” (2000). His books and edited volumes include Citizens’ Social Participation and Civic Community (2007), and he translated Between Facts and Norms (2000). His fields of interest are social theory and intellectual history.

Sighard Neckel

Professor of Sociology at the University of Hamburg, Germany. His major works include Flucht nach vorn (2008), Strukturierte Verantwortungslosigkeit (2010, co-authored), and Leistung und Erschöpfung (2013, co-authored). His research interests include the symbolic order of social inequality, the sociology of the economy, social analysis, and the sociology of emotions.

Translator: Kim Joo-ho

He received master’s and doctoral degrees in sociology from the universities of Marburg and Frankfurt in Germany. He is currently a research professor at the DAAD Center for German and European Studies at Chung-Ang University. He is the author of Die paradoxe Rolle der Demokratie beim Übergang zum neoliberalen Kapitalismus in Südkorea and the translator of The Entrepreneurial Self, among other works. His research interests include political sociology, social theory, democracy, and neoliberalism.