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Belletristik
REZENSIONEN |
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Das
Kriegsende aus der Sicht eines Soldaten der Roten Armee
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Wladimir
Gelfand |
Ukrainischer
Jude |
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Deutschland-Tagebuch
1945-1946 |
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Aus
dem Russischen von Anja Lütter und
Hartmut Schröder |
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"Tod um Tod, Blut um Blut. Mir tun diese
Menschenhasser, diese Tiere [gemeint sind die Deutschen] nicht leid."
Der das in sein Tagebuch schreibt, ist der
einundzwanzigjährige, in Nowo-Archangelsk in der Ukraine1
geborene Jude Wladimir Gelfand (1923-1983), der als Rotarmist
am 28. April 1945 in Berlin als einer der russischen2
Sieger einmarschierte. Ironie des Schicksals: Genau ein halbes
Jahrhundert später übersiedeln Gelfands zweite
Ehefrau und sein Sohn Vitaly (geboren 1963) nach Berlin und geben
Gelfands Deutschland-Tagebuch zur
Veröffentlichung frei. Vitaly Gelfand: "(...) ich habe [schon
als Kind - durch die Erzählungen des Vaters] verstanden,
daß die Deutschen im Krieg Feinde waren und dennoch Menschen
- die umgebrachten und die nicht umgebrachten". Als
aufrichtiger Chronist blendet Gelfand auch
Disziplinverstöße in den eigenen Reihen, Racheakte,
Beutenahmen und Verbrechen an Zivilisten nicht aus. Auch über
Kameradschaft und Niedertracht in den eigenen Reihen schreibt der
empfindsame Autor oft. Gelfands freimütige Notizen belegen,
dass die Begegnungen zwischen Deutschen und sowjetischen Soldaten nicht
nur von Hass, Missachtung und Vergewaltigung geprägt waren.
Das authentische, nicht nachbearbeitete Deutschland-Tagebuch
ist ein außerordentlich wichtiges Zeitzeugnis, das leider
nicht immer der Wahrheit entspricht, weil Gelfand auch Vorkommnisse
(unkritisch) wiedergibt, die er nur vom Hörensagen kennt. So
hat zum Beispiel das deutsche "Frauenbataillon", das von einer
benachbarten Einheit angeblich vernichtet und geschändet
worden sei, nie gegeben. |
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Gisela Reller / www.reller-rezensionen.de
* "Frejlin" war bei
sowjetischen wie amerikanischen und britischen Soldaten ein
verbreiteter Ausdruck für deutsche
Mädchen und junge Frauen. Er wurde zunächst
respektvoll, später auch abschätzig gebraucht.
1 Die (etwa 44,19 Millionen) Ukrainer
leben Ukrainischen Republik; die Hauptstadt ist Kiew. Das Ukrainische
ist eine eigenständige ostslawische Sprache, sie ist
Literatursprache. - Die gläubigen Ukrainer sind orthodoxe
Christen. Ein Teil - vor allem im ehemaligen Ostgalizien bekennt sich
zur griechisch-katholischen (mit Rom unierten) Kirche. 2 Die
(etwa 137,4 Millionen) Russen leben in der
Russischen Föderation/Russland; die Hauptstadt ist Moskau. Das
Russische ist die von den meisten Menschen gesprochene ostslawische
Sprache. Ihre ältesten Sprachdenkmäler stammen aus
dem 11. Jahrhundert. - Die gläubigen Russen sind
orthodoxe Christen. |
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Das unterschiedliche
Schreiben von Eigennamen ist den unterschiedlichen Schreibweisen der
Verlage geschuldet. |
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Im
Krieg kann man sich nicht aussuchen, wer vor oder wer hinter einem geht. |
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Autorin
aller Rezensionen
Belletristik/Sachbuch/Reiseliteratur-Bildbände/Kinderbuch-Jugendbuch/Hörbuch: |
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Gisela Reller, Parkstr. 36, 13187 Berlin
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The End of the War from the Perspective of a Red Army Soldier
Vladimir Gelfand, Ukrainian Jew
Germany Diary 1945-1946: Notes of a Red Army Soldier
Translated from Russian by Anja Lutter and Hartmut Schroder.
Selected and annotated by Elke Scherstjanoi, with 23 illustrations. Aufbau-Verlag, Berlin 2005, 357 pages.
"Death for death, blood for blood. I feel no pity for these haters of humanity, these animals [meaning the Germans]."
The man who writes this in his diary is the twenty-one-year-old Jew Vladimir Gelfand (1923-1983), born in Novo-Arkhangelsk in Ukraine, who entered Berlin on 28 April 1945 as a Red Army soldier and one of the Soviet victors. By an irony of fate, exactly half a century later Gelfand's second wife and his son Vitaly, born in 1963, moved to Berlin and made his Germany Diary available for publication. Vitaly Gelfand recalls: "Even as a child, from my father's stories, I understood that the Germans were enemies in the war and nevertheless remained human beings - those who were killed and those who were not."
Vladimir Gelfand, the sensitive Jewish officer with "velvet eyes," commanded a mortar platoon in the 5th Shock Army under Colonel-General Nikolai Berzarin, who later became the first Soviet commandant of Berlin and head of the Berlin garrison. In 1945-46 Gelfand kept his diary in exercise books, notebooks and on loose sheets, almost as a form of training, because after the war this educated Red Army soldier very much wanted to become a writer. Correspondence with his parents, relatives and future first wife, together with service documents and photographs, rounds out the volume selected and annotated by historian Elke Scherstjanoi of the Institute of Contemporary History.
The Germany Diary ends with Gelfand's discharge from the Soviet Army and demobilization at the end of September 1946. He leaves Germany "with joy."
Gelfand was a well-read young man, naive, often hot-tempered and also frequently an undisciplined soldier who clashed with his superiors and often felt passed over. Despite his own assertions of bravery in battle, he received no order during the fighting, something that deeply offended him. He wrote that he had received "not a single decoration for my participation in the breakthrough on the Vistula, the crossing of the Oder and the defence of the Oder bridgehead," and elsewhere complained that he had no more medals than when he first went into battle while many rear-area loafers and ordinary cowards had chests covered in orders: "Awards are handed out for servility, crawling and hypocrisy."
In a letter to his father, Gelfand complained of discrimination as a Jew. In her afterword, Elke Scherstjanoi writes that Vladimir repeatedly felt he was disliked because he was Jewish, but did not attribute arrogance and hostility to "Judeophobia," as he called it; instead he blamed coarseness, stupidity, dishonesty and hostility toward intellectuals even within the officer corps. Back home, however, he could eventually show the Order of the Red Star and the medals "For the Liberation of Warsaw," "For the Capture of Berlin" and "For Victory over Germany."
After the capitulation the young soldier was stationed as an occupation officer at several locations around Berlin. Later he was offered a post at a supply base near Kremmen, northwest of the city. In the spring of 1946 he was transferred to Berlin itself for three months. In his free time he learned to ride a bicycle and to take photographs, explored Berlin and its surroundings with great curiosity, and also met the Frejlins, the German girls, sometimes getting to know their parents as well.
At the end of the war he was completely inexperienced and had his first sexual relationships with German girls and women. The young Red Army soldier describes his desire for sex - and for love - with naive, shy openness. It should be stressed that the sexual contacts he describes are never rapes; all his entries testify to respect for the "fair sex." At times, however, one can clearly detect the feelings of a victor and also hatred of Germans, since Germans had murdered part of his family in anti-Jewish actions in the North Caucasus. Yet Gelfand was capable of distinction. In the last days of the war, in a manor house near Berlin, he saved a bust of Goethe from destruction, saying: "Geniuses cannot be equated with barbarians, and to destroy their memory is a great sin and a disgrace for a civilized person." One is often surprised by the tenderness of his feelings for German women friends, although his longing for great love is directed toward distant Russian girls.
The often self-revealing Germany Diary is the first private diary of a Soviet officer to have appeared in German. It is a kind of autobiographical coming-of-age novel; the Judische Allgemeine called it a journal intime. The notes of this self-confident young man - "Yes, fate has treated me kindly and endowed me well with looks and intelligence" - are overwhelming in their innocent honesty about the most personal matters. "We have never before been able to penetrate so deeply into the thoughts of a victor," the editor writes in her afterword.
The aesthete Gelfand dislikes everything military: "Military life, I say quite frankly, does not please me at all - everything here torments and oppresses me." He resents the strict prohibition on independent excursions and private contact with Germans. After the murderous war, what he wants is "Freedom! The freedom to live, to think, to work, to enjoy life."
As a candid chronicler, Gelfand does not conceal breaches of discipline in his own ranks, acts of revenge, looting and crimes against civilians. He also writes repeatedly about comradeship and baseness among his fellow soldiers. His frank notes show that encounters between Germans and Soviet soldiers were not shaped only by hatred, contempt and rape.
The authentic, unrevised Germany Diary is an extraordinarily important contemporary testimony, although it does not always correspond to fact because Gelfand sometimes records incidents he knows only from hearsay. For example, the German "women's battalion" that a neighbouring unit supposedly destroyed and violated never existed.
One discovery for me was that Vladimir Gelfand himself calls a Russian soldier "Ivan" in his diary. Until then I had always assumed that the use of that name for Russians was an invention of the German "Fritzes." At roughly the same time I found my discovery confirmed in Catherine Merridale's Ivan's War.
In her extensive afterword, historian Elke Scherstjanoi describes the stages of Gelfand's life and his long, contradictory struggle with his memories of the war. He was unable to realize his plan to write an objective war novel for which his diary entries were to provide the basis. Vladimir Gelfand died at the age of sixty while working as a vocational-school teacher in Dnepropetrovsk. His son Vitaly says that Gelfand, who did not have a healthy heart, died from the consequences of a wartime concussion. The publisher's editorial work deserves special praise: the arrangement of the private photographic material, the knowledgeable afterword and the informative notes.
In Germany's engagement with the Second World War, the discovery of unusual personal testimonies has repeatedly attracted attention. Accounts of experiences on the German Eastern Front have received particular notice; for me one example was Willy Reese's book Mir selber seltsam fremd. "In a certain sense," writes Scherstjanoi, "the witness Gelfand can be regarded as a Soviet Willy Reese." Not quite two years younger than Reese, Gelfand too was a sensitive young man, no muscleman and not someone drawn to fighting games. He had acquired above-average knowledge, read a great deal and tried a number of literary forms, including poetry and short stories.
Both men used writing at the front as a means of coping with horror. Gelfand understood the psychological damage caused by war less clearly and was a more naive soldier than his German counterpart. In recounting events he was less worldly and less analytical, but more immediate. Despite his strong interest in politics, Gelfand's eye was scarcely trained on social structures; above all he was occupied with himself. Open-minded as he was at twenty-three, he was not mature enough to make the kinds of judgments we might wish to read. Until then he had learned to view the political world through the filter of Soviet newspaper articles. In this respect he was closer to the mass of his comrades than Reese was to his.
Nevertheless, I read both Reese's and Gelfand's books with great profit. For me, both are anti-war books.
Gisela Reller / www.reller-rezensionen.de
* Frejlin: a widespread term among Soviet as well as American and British soldiers for German girls and young women. It was initially used respectfully and later could also be derogatory.
1. The roughly 44.19 million Ukrainians live in Ukraine; the capital is Kyiv. Ukrainian is an independent East Slavic language and a literary language. Believing Ukrainians are Orthodox Christians; a part of the population, especially in former Eastern Galicia, belongs to the Greek Catholic Church united with Rome.
2. The roughly 137.4 million Russians live in the Russian Federation/Russia; the capital is Moscow. Russian is the East Slavic language spoken by the largest number of people. Its oldest written monuments date from the eleventh century. Believing Russians are Orthodox Christians.
In war one cannot choose who walks in front of you or behind you.
Author of the reviews in the categories
fiction/non-fiction/travel and illustrated books/children's and youth
books/audiobooks: Gisela Reller (graduate Russian scholar), Parkstr.
36, 13187 Berlin.
© Gisela Reller.