Ukrainian

Based on Real Events: "They Raped EVERYONE from 8 to 80..!" - Testimonies about the "deeds" of Red Army soldiers in Germany, Poland and the USSR

Troops controlled by Moscow repeatedly used sexual violence as a tactic of warfare, with glaring cruelty and a sense of impunity. One of the most striking examples from the past was the final stage of the German-Soviet war of 1941-1945, when Soviet troops entered Germany. While Soviet and Russian propaganda machines speak of up to a thousand recorded cases of rape of German and other women by Soviet soldiers, independent experts give rather different figures - hundreds of thousands of raped women. This video is about the full scale of the crimes committed by Red Army soldiers and why it is important to remember them today.

00:00 Testimony of a Red Army soldier and why the subject remains relevant. 04:10 The diary of Marta Hillers - one woman in Berlin. 08:10 Testimony of Vladimir Gelfand, a Soviet officer. 09:39 Possible causes of mass rape. 14:28 What does "there is no sex in the USSR" have to do with it? 17:10 The scale. 18:38 The story of Ingeborg Bullert. 21:19 The Monument to the Unknown Rapist. 21:48 Raped Poland, Estonia, Latvia... 25:13 Did the Allies commit such crimes? 26:40 Were Soviet women spared? 27:41 How Soviet and Russian propaganda justified it. 29:21 Rape during Russia's full-scale invasion. 31:44 Subscribe.

"My close friend, junior lieutenant Kozlov, the chief of the radio station, comes up to me. 'What kind of fool are you?' he says. 'I've been watching you. How long has it been since you've had a woman? And here they take off their trousers themselves and lie down. Take a couple of men with you.'

On the one hand, I was ashamed, somehow... But on the other hand, everyone would think I was... impotent. Everyone was taking part, while I wasn't. And so I decided to go.

The soldiers jump up from their places and begin raping German women. My own platoon, all my soldiers, rush off and rape German women. When children try to come to their mothers' rescue, they are shot. They shoot the children."

This is one of the veterans of what was called the Great Patriotic War - the Soviet Russian writer Leonid Rabichev.

He is known for stating in his book War Will Write Everything Off, the memoirs of a signals officer of the 31st Army, that he witnessed - and, as one may conclude from this excerpt, also took part in - mass war crimes by the Red Army during the Second World War. These included the mass rape of German women, underage girls and even elderly women. Naturally, many Soviet and Russian so-called experts and historians claimed that, as the saying goes, the old man had lost his mind.

They said that his testimony "does not inspire confidence, is based on contradictory facts; perhaps something did happen, but perhaps not so much, and perhaps not so often."

Nevertheless, the scale and systematic nature of such crimes are truly horrifying. While the Soviet and Russian propaganda machines speak of roughly a hundred and, in the most generous and very rare cases, up to a thousand recorded rapes by Soviet soldiers of German and other women, independent experts provide rather different figures. Their estimates run into hundreds of thousands of raped women.

Hello, everyone. You are watching the channel "Based on Real Events." My name is Mykhailo Stakh.

I put off this episode for a long time because the subject is rather difficult and sensitive. For many years it was completely taboo. Even in Germany itself it was discussed very little.

Because that war was an enormous tragedy, some believe that a critical approach to the past is unethical or simply unacceptable in view of the heroic sacrifices made in defeating the Nazi regime and the deaths of about 27 million Soviet citizens, among them, according to various estimates, about 10 million inhabitants of Ukraine. Others believe that future generations should know about the real horrors of war and deserve to see an unvarnished picture. That is what I will try to show you today.

If this subject may offend or distress you, it is better to turn the video off. But if you are prepared to continue watching, then remember: I am offering nothing more than the truth.

Rape in wartime is, unfortunately, something that accompanies practically every armed conflict. And during Russia's full-scale invasion, the occupiers unfortunately demonstrated that the phrase "we fight like our grandfathers did" has a much deeper meaning for them: it also includes "rape like our grandfathers did," "steal like our grandfathers did," and many more similar expressions.

In this video I will tell you how widespread this phenomenon was and how the Soviet authorities of the time reacted to these crimes. I will also tell the story of the German journalist Marta Hillers, who is considered the author of the diary A Woman in Berlin, on which the film Anonyma - A Woman in Berlin, released in 2008, was based.

The film received favorable reviews for its harsh truthfulness - and, of course, a great deal of outrage from the Russian side, where the response was essentially that everything had once again been distorted.

Marta Hillers and A Woman in Berlin

To begin with, I will say a few words about the diary and the story of Marta Hillers, because her voice and testimony became one of the first and most prominent accounts of the mass rapes that took place in Berlin.

A Woman in Berlin is the diary of a German woman trying to survive during the capture of Berlin by Soviet troops in 1945, when the collapse of the Nazis was already obvious and the end of the war was only a matter of time. The chronological entries begin on 20 April, ten days before Hitler's suicide, and describe events in the present tense.

The unnamed woman put down on paper unsparing observations, perceptive and at times marked by a kind of gallows humor. She described herself as a pale blonde who always wore the same winter coat. In the diary she painted vivid pictures of the life of her neighbors in the air-raid shelter beneath their apartment building, where there were quite a few women.

When Soviet soldiers entered the cellar and tried to drag women out, they begged the diarist to use her knowledge of Russian to complain to the Soviet command. Among the ruins in the street she managed to find a Soviet officer. He went down with her into the cellar, reprimanded the soldiers and led them outside, provoking only anger and incomprehension from them. But when the diarist went into the corridor to see whether they had really left, soldiers who were waiting there seized her and brutally raped her, almost strangling her.

Her terrified neighbors - the "cave dwellers," as she called the people in the shelter - hid in the cellar and locked the door behind them. In the end the diarist concluded that she needed to find one "wolf" to protect her from further gang rapes. Many of her female neighbors had to make similar arrangements with the victors in fallen Berlin in order to protect themselves from an even worse fate.

The first anonymous English edition of the book appeared in the United States in 1954 and attracted considerable attention. Editions in Dutch, Italian, Danish, Swedish, Spanish and Japanese soon followed. Finally, in 1959, the book appeared anonymously in Germany as well.

Oddly enough, however, it received almost no public response. Moreover, this frank account provoked a wave of accusations that its author had disgraced the honor of German women. She was accused of shameless immorality and anti-communist propaganda.

It is important to understand that victims of these crimes generally carried, in addition to the burden of the rape itself, an additional sense of guilt for the crimes of the Nazi regime. At the same time, the Soviet propaganda machine - enormous and backed by vast resources - began constructing a story about Soviet heroes, the "victors" over the Nazi regime, while naturally suppressing all crimes committed by Soviet troops.

As the saying goes, "victors are not judged." Statements like those made by the diarist could today, the narrator says, fall under an article on "discrediting the Russian army" and bring a prison term. At the same time, German readers were evidently not prepared to confront an uncomfortable truth.

German women were afraid and ashamed to speak about actual rapes. German men did not want to be seen as powerless bystanders while Soviet troops raped their mothers, wives and daughters with complete impunity. It is therefore understandable that the author decided not to publish further editions during her lifetime and, of course, not to reveal her identity.

Only in 2003, two years after the author's death, was the book republished in Germany. The new edition attracted enormous public attention in the country and in the West more generally. That same year it became known that the author was the German journalist Marta Hillers.

Vladimir Gelfand's testimony

This was not the only diary of its kind. Another source describing what happened in this period is the diary of Soviet officer Vladimir Gelfand, a young Jew from Ukraine who kept notes from 1941 through the end of the war despite the Soviet Army's prohibition on keeping diaries. His son Vitaly found the diary while sorting through his father's papers after his death.

The manuscript describes the lack of order and discipline in regular troops, meager rations, lice, routine antisemitism and endless theft. Gelfand wrote that soldiers even stole their comrades' boots. One of his most revealing accounts concerns 25 April, when he was already in Berlin.

This was precisely the period in which Marta Hillers was keeping her diary. In Berlin, Gelfand rode a bicycle for the first time in his life. Riding along the bank of the River Spree, he saw a group of women dragging suitcases and other belongings somewhere.

When, in broken German, he asked the women where they lived and why they had left their homes, they told him in horror about what the troops at the front had done to them on the first night after the Red Army arrived. One woman, sobbing, said that many Soviet soldiers had raped her all night. She said there were old men, pockmarked men - all of them forcing themselves on her.

According to her, there had been at least twenty. Another woman said that soldiers had raped her daughter in front of her. Of course, it must also be emphasized that by then German soldiers had stained themselves with terrible crimes committed on Soviet territory for almost four years.

As his unit fought its way toward Germany, Vladimir Gelfand encountered evidence of these crimes and recorded it in his diary as well. There were many descriptions of villages being destroyed, including their children.

Small Jewish children, in particular, were murdered. Vladimir Gelfand's son Vitaly said that, according to his father, Soviet people marched on and saw all this. They went into Germany with one purpose: to take revenge and to kill.

Possible causes and the policy of revenge

The Wehrmacht, according to Nazi ideologues, was supposed to be a well-organized force of Aryans who would not descend to sexual contact with Untermenschen, or "subhumans." That prohibition was ignored. The German command became so concerned about the spread of venereal disease among the troops that it organized a network of military brothels in occupied territories.

It is difficult to find direct testimony about how German soldiers treated Soviet women because many victims simply did not survive. According to some historians, killing was more characteristic of the Nazis. So when the Red Army entered what Soviet newspapers called the lair of the fascist beast, posters encouraged the soldiers' fury: "Soldier, you are on German soil; the hour of revenge has struck!"

The political department of the 19th Army, which was advancing toward Berlin along the Baltic coast, declared that a true Soviet soldier was so full of hatred for the enemy that the thought of sexual contact with German women would be repulsive to him. But here too, the soldiers proved their ideologues wrong.

The well-known historian Antony Beevor, while researching his book Berlin: The Downfall, published in 2002, found in the Russian State Archive reports describing what the source calls an epidemic of sexual violence in Germany. At the end of 1944, NKVD officials sent these reports to the head of the organization, Lavrentiy Beria.

According to Beevor, they were passed on to Stalin. Marks on the documents even indicated whether they had been read. The reports described mass rape in East Prussia and German women trying to kill themselves and their children in order to avoid this fate.

East Prussia, incidentally, was territory that, as a result of the Second World War, came under Soviet occupation. A part of it, including the capital Konigsberg, later became Russia's Kaliningrad region. Thus, the source says, Beria and Stalin in Moscow knew perfectly well what was happening from a series of detailed reports.

One such report, for example, said that many Germans stated that all German women who remained in East Prussia had been raped by Red Army soldiers. Beevor writes that calls to avenge a homeland devastated by the Wehrmacht invasion suggested to soldiers that almost any cruelty would be permitted.

Natalia Gesse, a close friend of scientist Andrei Sakharov, observed the Red Army's actions in 1945 as a Soviet war correspondent.

According to her, Russian soldiers raped every German woman from eight to eighty. The subject of mass rape by the Red Army in Germany was so taboo and suppressed in the Soviet Union and Russia that even in recent years veterans refused to acknowledge what had actually happened. Even the handful of people willing to speak openly, the narrator says, showed no remorse.

The central argument advanced by such people, and still supported by Russian propaganda, was that German women, delighted to welcome the Soviet "liberators," lifted their skirts and lay down of their own accord. In his research, Beevor recorded the words of a tank-company commander who even boasted that two million Russian children had been born in Germany. The narrator finds striking the ability of Soviet officers to convince themselves that most victims were either pleased with their fate or at least reconciled to the idea that it was now their turn to suffer for what the Wehrmacht had done in the Soviet Union.

One Soviet major told a British journalist that his comrades were so starved of sex that they often raped elderly women aged sixty, seventy or even eighty, to the great surprise of the old women, he said, "if not to their outright delight." When women in Konigsberg who had been raped repeatedly begged their attackers to end their suffering and kill them, Red Army soldiers apparently felt offended and replied that Russian soldiers did not shoot women - only German soldiers did that.

"There is no sex in the USSR"

Feminist historian Susan Brownmiller argued that such mass rape and crimes were caused not only by a desire for revenge, but also by a number of other factors. Sexual freedom had been a subject of lively debate within Communist Party circles during the 1920s. During the following decade, however, Stalin came to shape Soviet society as, in effect, sexless.

Love and sex did not fit the Soviet idea of suppressing individuality. In the view of the Communist authorities, human impulses and emotions therefore had to be suppressed. Freud's works were banned; divorce and marital infidelity became subjects of strong Party disapproval.

Criminal penalties for homosexuality were reintroduced. The new doctrine extended even to the complete suppression of sex education. In art, even the clothed outline of a woman's breasts could be regarded as dangerously erotic.

According to Brownmiller, the Communist regime clearly wanted every form of attraction or desire to be transformed into love of the Party and, above all, of Comrade Stalin.

As a result, the narrator says, many poorly educated young Red Army soldiers suffered from sexual ignorance and a profound lack of understanding of physical relations with women. Thus the Soviet state's attempt to put into practice the idea that "there is no sex in the Soviet Union," combined with the enormous influence of Soviet propaganda focused on revenge and destruction of the German population and with the belligerent impulses of people scarred by fear and suffering, produced rape on such a massive scale, often accompanied by other forms of violence and humiliation.

The writer Vasily Grossman, a war correspondent, soon discovered that German women were not the only rape victims. Polish women suffered, as did young Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian women whom the Wehrmacht had deported to Germany for slave labor. Grossman wrote that liberated Soviet girls quite often complained to him that Soviet soldiers were raping them.

The rape of Soviet women and girls therefore seriously undermines attempts to justify the Red Army's behavior solely as revenge for German brutality in the Soviet Union. The narrator says that this makes Brownmiller's explanation described above appear even more plausible. One revealing story is that of Ellen Goetz, a Jewish girl who was also raped by Soviet soldiers.

When other Germans tried to explain to the Russians that she was Jewish and had suffered persecution, the answer they received was: "Frau ist Frau" - a woman is a woman.

The scale in Berlin

Women in Berlin quickly learned to disappear during the evening "hunting hours." Young daughters were hidden in attics all day. Mothers went out to fetch water only early in the morning, when Soviet soldiers were sleeping after the previous evening. Sometimes the greatest danger came when one mother revealed the hiding place of other girls in a desperate attempt to save her own daughter.

Elderly Berliners still remember the screams every night. They were impossible not to hear because all the windows had been shattered. According to figures from Berlin's two main hospitals, the estimated number of rape victims was around 100,000 women. One German doctor concluded that about 10,000 of them died as a result, mainly through suicide.

Historian Antony Beevor's research states that at least two million German women in total were raped. A very large share of them, if not the majority, were raped more than once. Such matters are difficult for any society to discuss.

In East Germany, moreover, criticizing the Soviet heroes who had defeated fascism was treated almost as blasphemy. In West Germany, the guilt Germans felt for Nazi crimes overshadowed discussion of the German population's own suffering. But when the film mentioned earlier, starring actress Nina Hoss, was released in Germany in 2008, it was a revelation for many Germans and prompted numerous women to tell what had happened to them.

The story of Ingeborg Bullert

Among these women was Ingeborg Bullert. When the Soviet assault on the city began, she hid in the cellar of her house, like the author of A Woman in Berlin. Tanks appeared in the streets; the bodies of Russian and German soldiers lay everywhere. Everywhere people could hear the terrifying prolonged sound of falling bombs, which the local population called "Stalin's organs." During a pause in the bombardment, Ingeborg left the cellar and ran upstairs to get some belongings. There she encountered two Russians.

One forced her to undress at gunpoint while the other raped her. Then they changed places.

At the time, Ingeborg told no one what had happened. She remained silent about it for several decades because it was too difficult to speak. According to her, her mother even liked to boast that her daughter had not been touched. Ingeborg recalled that immediately after the war, women between fifteen and fifty-five were ordered to be tested for venereal diseases.

A medical certificate was required in order to receive ration cards, and the waiting rooms of all the doctors who issued them were full of women. Abortions were illegal in Germany at the time, but after the war there was a brief period in which women were permitted to terminate pregnancies.

The number of babies born as a result and called "Russian children" is unknown. Most rapes, however, did not result in pregnancy, and many pregnancies did not result in the victims giving birth.

Many raped women died from internal injuries caused by brutal violence or from untreated sexually transmitted diseases because medicines were unavailable, as well as from poorly performed abortions. Many women died by suicide after being raped, largely because they could not cope with their traumatic experiences, although the source says some were driven to it by parents because of the perceived dishonor.

Others were shot by their husbands for allegedly consenting to sexual relations with Allied soldiers. Later, German soldiers in the streets or at home verbally abused many German women as "Allied whores," and many women even received threatening letters.

Many children also died in postwar Germany because of widespread hunger, food shortages and diseases such as typhus and diphtheria. Regarding the social consequences of sexual violence, American historian Norman Naimark noted that just as every rape victim carried the effects of the crime for the rest of her life, the collective suffering was almost unbearable. The social psychology of women and men in the Soviet occupation zone was marked by rape from the first days of the occupation through to recent decades.

The "Monument to the Unknown Rapist"

In 1949, a monument to the soldiers of the Soviet Army was unveiled in Berlin's Treptower Park. The source says that West Berliners and women of the wartime generation often called it the "Tomb of the Unknown Rapist" or the "Monument to the Unknown Rapist" in response to mass rape by Red Army soldiers during the capture of Berlin.

After Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine, there were discussions about demolishing it, but without result. As already noted, mass rape by the Soviet Army was not confined to Germany.

Poland, Estonia and Latvia

Poland met a similar fate. Mass rape occurred in major Polish cities captured by the Red Army. In Krakow, the Soviet entry into the city was accompanied by a wave of rape of women and girls and mass theft of private property.

According to a professor at the Jagiellonian University cited in the source, this behavior reached such a scale that Polish Communists installed in the city by the Soviet Union wrote a letter of protest to Stalin himself. At Krakow's main railway station, Poles who tried to save gang-rape victims were shot. Polish women in Silesia were subjected to mass rape together with German women living there.

This continued even after the Soviet front had moved much farther west. In March 1945, near Raciborz, thirty women captured at a flax factory were locked in a building and raped over a period of time under threat of death. A woman who later testified to police said four men had raped her.

German and Polish women were detained in the streets of Katowice, Zabrze and Chorzow and gang-raped by drunken soldiers, often in the open air. According to American historian Norman Naimark, Red Army servicemen made no ethnic distinction between victims and occupiers.

One letter stated that in Olsztyn in March 1945 practically no woman escaped violence by Soviet rapists, regardless of age. Their ages ranged from nine to eighty. In some cases a grandmother, mother and granddaughter were all among the victims.

According to Jerzy Kochanowski of the University of Warsaw, there is evidence that gaps in Soviet directives may have contributed to an even greater number of rapes of Polish women by Red Army soldiers. German women were at least partly covered by strict instructions issued by the Soviet command on how they were to be treated during troop movements. No comparable instructions or orders existed concerning Poles.

Research by Joanna Ostrowska and Marcin Zaremba of the Polish Academy of Sciences identifies June 1945 as the worst period. One fifty-year-old gang-rape victim from Spincza, for example, testified that two Soviet war veterans returning from Berlin told her that they had fought for Poland for three years and therefore had the right to all Polish women. According to Ostrowska and Zaremba, Polish women who had been deported to Germany for slave labor were raped on a mass scale by Soviet soldiers and also by former prisoners of war.

At a conference of delegates from various repatriation agencies in May 1945, the final resolution stated that there was a mass movement through Stargard and Szczecin of Poles returning from forced labor in the Third Reich. On the way, Poles were often robbed and Polish women raped.

The number of Polish rape victims in these years is difficult to estimate precisely. According to Ostrowska and Zaremba, the number of Polish victims alone may have reached or even exceeded 100,000. Similar reports later came, perhaps in smaller numbers, from other Soviet-controlled territories of Eastern Europe reoccupied by Soviet troops, including Latvia and Estonia.

Did the Western Allies commit such crimes?

It should be noted that rape was not only a problem in the Red Army; it also occurred in the other Allied armies - American, British and French.

The source argues, however, that the scale of these crimes was substantially smaller. In the U.S. Army, it says, rape could be punished by execution, and a considerable number of such punishments were recorded in France and England, although not in Germany.

In the British forces, desertion was a much more widespread problem. The source characterizes the response to rapists as comparatively straightforward: offenders who were caught were imprisoned and isolated from society, while armed groups of deserters were harder to deal with. French forces also took part in the invasion of Germany and received an occupation zone.

Perry Biddiscombe is cited as giving an original survey estimate according to which the French, for example, committed about 1,500 rapes. Norman Naimark is cited as saying that these were mainly cases involving French Moroccan troops whose behavior resembled that of Soviet forces. German academic historians, the source says, maintain that only France supported children fathered by its occupation army as a result of mass rape of German women.

Across the four occupation zones, however, many children of German mothers were ignored throughout their lives. Children fathered by French troops were considered citizens of France. At least 1,500 children were put up for adoption in France and its colonies.

Were Soviet women spared?

The following story is offered as an answer to the question of whether Soviet women escaped crimes committed by Red Army personnel:

"A young girl says: 'Lieutenant, I was a radio operator in civilian life. I'm from Moscow. I want to fight; help me get placed somewhere.' I say: 'For God's sake, get on the cart.' I bring her in and introduce her: here is a professional signalwoman who wants to fight.

I go to sleep. In the morning I don't know where she has gone. I go to the signals chief, and she is getting dressed, getting up from his bed. So he had been with her. And at that moment the chief of staff grabs her: 'Now with me, come to me.'

And someone explains to me: now the special department, then someone else. Until she has slept with everyone, nothing will work out for her. They passed her from hand to hand in turn."

Soviet and Russian propaganda

As already mentioned, Soviet and later Russian propaganda made sweeping efforts to conceal the subject, combat discussion of it and prohibit any conversation or reference to it.

The principal counterarguments were that the crimes had been committed by German troops disguised as Soviets - something Soviet propaganda often claimed at the time - or that German, Polish and other women had voluntarily and very gladly offered themselves to the "liberators," or simply the standard replies: "you are all lying" and "this is fake."

The narrator says this continues to the present day. Propaganda materials periodically appear that claim to debunk the so-called myth of mass rape by the Red Army. One such passage is quoted:

"There are many testimonies that, after Soviet troops occupied a particular populated place, female representatives of delegations of German women came to headquarters, agreeing to satisfy the amorous needs of Russian soldiers and officers. The general impression of European women formed among Soviet servicemen was: well-groomed and smartly dressed, available, self-interested, promiscuous, or cowardly and submissive."

Although the subject has been discussed more openly in recent decades, materials of Soviet military tribunals and many other documents remain closed. At the same time, several years ago the Russian State Duma approved a law concerning encroachments on historical memory. According to the source's description, anyone who belittles the USSR's contribution to victory over fascism can face a monetary fine and up to five years' imprisonment.

Why speak about it today?

Why is it important to know and talk about this today? Because, as the saying goes, history likes to repeat itself.

Our country encountered a similar situation after Russia's full-scale invasion began. Sexual violence by Russians in Ukraine became widespread and occurred in every locality, the source says, where a Russian soldier set foot. Victims included women and men of different ages, including elderly people, as well as children.

The violence was cruel and brutal and was accompanied by the killing and mutilation of victims and relatives who tried to protect them. In many cases it was public, taking place in front of relatives, neighbors or other victims. Under such conditions, sexual violence inflicts unspeakable suffering not only on those directly attacked, but also on everyone forced to watch helplessly and then live with feelings of guilt.

Sexual violence during Russian aggression in Ukraine, the narrator says, became a means of terror, demoralization and subjugation of the local population - an instrument of punishment and revenge against Ukrainian women and men from whom the invaders had expected a warm welcome with bread and salt rather than resistance.

Several basic conclusions can be drawn from this.

If one instance of crime remains unpunished and forgotten, as in the case of the mass rape of German and other women by the Red Army, there will inevitably be people in the future who want to repeat it.

Should we therefore be surprised by the brutal cruelty of Russian soldiers in Ukrainian cities? The narrator calls it an unlearned lesson of history, an unpunished crime that produces a new wave of cruelty and atrocities. If society did not condemn acts of violence the previous time, did not publicize them and instead found justifications for the crimes, the formula "we can do it again" becomes effective and almost universal.

Moreover, the narrator says, Russian atrocities are not being punished and no meaningful action is being taken to prevent them. They are simply denied at every level and across broad circles of Russian society; more than that, all kinds of excuses are found for them.

For that reason, it is important on our side to document such cases and make every effort to ensure that these crimes are not forgotten or lost in the pages of history, and that the perpetrators are held accountable. At the very least, this can create one safeguard against mass atrocities of this kind being repeated again in the future.

And with that I will finish today's episode.

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That's all for now. Until we meet again on YouTube.

Source: "Based on Real Events" - https://www.youtube.com/@znrp