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BBC: Russian troops committed mass rape in Germany during the Second World War

The BBC is broadcasting a documentary examining the large-scale rape committed by Soviet troops during the occupation of Germany in the Second World War.

In its online edition on 1 May, the BBC reported that although the Russian side dismisses the story as an invention of the West, several pieces of evidence indicate that Soviet soldiers committed rape on a massive scale.

The report introduces the diary of Vladimir Gelfand, a Soviet officer who took part in the capture of Berlin.

In his diary entry for 25 April 1945, after entering Berlin, Gelfand wrote that he met a group of German women carrying luggage. "A German woman with a face full of terror told me what had happened on the first night the Soviet army arrived," he recorded.

He wrote that the woman burst into tears while saying that no fewer than twenty men had gang-raped her. Her distraught mother said Soviet soldiers had raped her daughter in front of her and that they were leaving because the soldiers might return.

The BBC noted that by this time German soldiers had themselves committed sexual violence and other abuses for almost four years in the Soviet Union.

Gelfand's son Vitaly said: "My father passed through many villages where Nazi troops had killed everyone, even small children, and he saw traces of rape there."

Documents found in the Russian State Archive describe mass rape in East Prussia.

The BBC also reported on the wartime diary of the fiancee of a German soldier, showing how some women adapted to horrific conditions in order to survive. The woman wrote that she realised she needed a protective "wolf" if she was to avoid gang rape by the "beasts," and she began a relationship with a Soviet officer.

Ingeborg Bullert, a German woman now aged ninety who was raped by Soviet soldiers, recalled that women between fifteen and fifty-five were ordered to undergo tests for venereal disease and that "you had to have a medical certificate to receive a food ration card."

The BBC said the most frequently quoted figures are 100,000 raped women in Berlin and two million across Germany, estimates derived from the limited medical records that survive. It added that these numbers remain hotly disputed.

In Neukolln, one of Berlin's 24 districts, 995 applications for abortion were approved between June 1945 and the following year. The BBC described these surviving files as another trace of the widespread sexual violence.

Nazi atrocities

Seventy years after the Soviet Union defeated Nazi Germany, the victory is remembered as one of the greatest moments in Russian history. Far less often remembered is the mass rape of German women by Soviet soldiers during the capture of Berlin.

On the outskirts of Berlin stands a twelve-metre monument showing a Soviet soldier with a sword in one hand and a German girl in the other, standing over a broken Nazi symbol. Beneath it lie 5,000 of the 80,000 Soviet soldiers killed in the Battle of Berlin between 16 April and 2 May 1945.

The scale of the monument demonstrates the Soviet sacrifice. Its inscription says that the Soviet people saved European civilisation from fascism. Some people, however, call it the "Tomb of the Unknown Rapist."

Stalin's troops raped countless women as they advanced toward the Nazi capital. The subject was buried in Germany and remains highly taboo in Russia.

Russian media dismiss the rapes committed by Soviet troops as a myth invented by the West, yet a young Soviet officer's diary records such events in detail.

Vladimir Gelfand, a young Jewish soldier from central Ukraine, kept an extraordinarily candid diary from 1941 until the end of the war despite the military prohibition on diaries.

In February 1945 Gelfand was stationed near the Oder waiting for the advance on Berlin. He recorded seeing his comrades surround and defeat a battalion made up of German women.

"The captured German bitches say they are avenging their dead husbands. They must be killed without mercy. The soldiers wanted to stab them in the genitals; I simply had them shot."

After reaching Berlin on 25 April 1945, Gelfand's diary becomes increasingly difficult to read. He rode a bicycle along the Spree and encountered German women fleeing with their belongings.

In broken German he asked where they were going and why they had left home. They told him what had happened on the first night the Soviet army arrived.

"They stuck it into me," one young German woman told him while lifting her skirt. "All night. They kept getting on top of me, one after another - more than twenty of them." She cried as she spoke.

"They raped my daughter in front of me," the girl's mother said. "They came all night and raped my daughter."

"Stay with me," the daughter suddenly said, embracing Gelfand. "Sleep with me. You can do anything you want, as long as it is only you!"

By the time Soviet troops reached Berlin, German forces had already spent four years committing massacres and mass sexual violence in the Soviet Union. Gelfand knew this well.

Vitaly Gelfand said his father passed through villages where the Nazis had killed everyone, including infants, and saw extensive evidence of rape.

The German Wehrmacht is often imagined as a strictly disciplined Aryan force whose soldiers would never have sex with people regarded as "subhuman." Historian Oleg Budnitsky says the taboo was frequently ignored. Nazi commanders, worried about venereal disease, established military brothels throughout occupied territory.

Little evidence survives of how German soldiers treated Russian women because many victims were killed. The German-Russian Museum in Berlin preserves a photograph from a German soldier's album in Crimea showing women's bodies beside a road.

"They appear to have died during rape, or to have been killed afterward. Their skirts are raised and their hands cover their faces," the museum's account says.

The photograph was so disturbing that museum staff debated whether it should be displayed, but the museum concluded that this was part of the reality of war and German policy in the occupied Soviet Union: war had to be shown, not merely described.

When Soviet troops crossed the German border and advanced into what propaganda called "the lair of the fascist beast," Soviet authorities encouraged soldiers to take revenge: "You who sweep across German soil - the hour of revenge has come!"

The political department of the Soviet 19th Army, advancing along the Baltic coast, proclaimed that a true Soviet soldier should hate Germans so intensely that he would feel no sexual desire toward German women. Soviet soldiers, like Nazi soldiers before them, ignored political doctrine.

While writing his 2002 book about the Battle of Berlin, historian Antony Beevor was able to consult records of sexual crimes in the Russian state archives. The documents had been compiled by the NKVD in late 1944 and sent to its chief, Lavrentiy Beria.

"These documents were sent to Stalin. At the top of the pages there are marks showing whether they were read. They include reports of mass rape in East Prussia and of German women killing their own children and then themselves in order to avoid rape."

The diary of a German woman waiting for her fiance shows vividly how women in the occupied city adapted in order to survive. Beginning on 20 April, ten days before Hitler's suicide, the diary even records moments of black humour.

The author calls herself a "pale-faced blonde who always wears the same winter coat." She describes neighbours whose appearance has been transformed by the siege, including a person in grey trousers and round spectacles who looks like a man from a distance but proves to be a woman, and three sisters from a dressmaker's family walking clutched together like a black pudding.

As they wait for Soviet troops, the people hiding in the bunker become masters of black humour. They joke that being underneath the Russians may be preferable to having bombs fall on their heads.

When Soviet soldiers break open the shelter door and pull women out, the residents beg the Russian-speaking diarist to intervene.

She risks the ruined streets and finds a Soviet officer. Although Stalin had prohibited revenge against civilians, the officer treats the matter as unavoidable and answers that such things "happen anyway."

She drags the indifferent officer back to the bunker. When he rebukes his soldiers, one angrily protests: "What did the Nazis do to our Soviet women? They took my sister and..." The officer calms him and leads the soldiers away.

But when the woman goes into the corridor to see whether it is safe, soldiers waiting outside seize her, rape her repeatedly and nearly strangle her. The frightened residents have locked the cellar door behind her.

"At last the locked door opened. Everyone stared at me. My stockings were around my ankles and I still held the torn remains of my garter belt. I shouted: 'You cowardly pigs! You left me like rubbish while I was raped twice!'"

She soon understands that to avoid the "pack of beasts" she must rely on one "wolf." The relationship between perpetrator and victim becomes less violent, more transactional and more ambiguous. She attaches herself to an educated officer from Leningrad, and in bed they discuss literature and the meaning of life.

"I cannot call my relationship with the Major rape. Am I doing this for bacon, butter, sugar, candles and canned food? I cannot deny that. And as the Major wants me less often as a man, I find that I like him more as a human being."

Other women in ruined Berlin made similar arrangements with the conquerors.

When the diary was published in 1959 as A Woman in Berlin, the author was heavily criticised for allegedly staining the honour of German women. She refused to allow it to be republished during her lifetime.

Seventy years after the war, research continues into sexual crimes committed by American, British and French Allied troops as well as Soviet soldiers. For a long time the subject attracted little attention.

In East Germany, criticism of the Soviet soldiers who had freed Germany from fascism was treated as sacrilege.

In 2008 the Berlin woman's diary was made into a film starring the prominent German actress Nina Hoss. The film became a turning point that encouraged many women to speak about their experiences. Ingeborg Bullert was among them.

Ingeborg, now ninety, lives in Hamburg in an apartment filled with cats and old photographs. In 1945 she was a twenty-year-old Berlin woman who dreamed of becoming an actress.

When street fighting began, she hid in the attic and kept a diary. "Suddenly Soviet tanks appeared in the street and bodies were everywhere. I will never forget the sound of the Russian rockets."

Between air raids she had to leave the attic to find thread for a lamp wick. "Suddenly someone behind me pointed a gun. One man ordered me to undress and raped me. Then the others came and raped me in turn. I thought they were going to kill me."

Ingeborg concealed her experience for decades. "My mother believed the Soviet soldiers had not touched her daughter and was proud of that," she says.

The violence appears to have affected the whole city. Ingeborg remembers that women between fifteen and fifty-five needed a venereal-disease examination report in order to receive food rations. "When I went for an examination, the place was packed with women."

How large was the scale? The most frequently cited estimates are 100,000 women in Berlin and two million in Germany as a whole.

Records survive from Neukolln, one of Berlin's 24 districts, concerning abortions performed from July to October 1945. Abortion was illegal under German law, but a special exception was created because of the consequences of mass rape.

In this district, 995 abortions were authorised between June 1945 and 1946. The files contain more than a thousand statements and records. One sheet, written in a child's unsteady handwriting, contains testimony from a girl who says she was raped in front of her parents.

There is no way to establish the complete scale of the rape. Soviet military tribunal records and other evidence remain classified, and the Russian parliament later adopted a law allowing up to five years' imprisonment for those who denigrate the Soviet Union's heroic achievements in the Second World War.

First-hand documents are therefore exceptionally important. Elderly witnesses who speak seventy years later and those who risked writing things down at the time deserve respect.

Vitaly Gelfand stresses that he does not deny the great courage and sacrifice of Soviet soldiers in the Second World War. He says only that courage and sacrifice are not the whole story.

After an interview on Russian radio, Vitaly faced a wave of antisemitic insults on social media. Nevertheless, he hopes that his father's diary will be published in Russia as it has been in Germany and Sweden.

"If people do not want to know the truth, they are deceiving themselves. The whole world knows what happened. Russia knows too. The people who made the laws about 'defaming' history know it as well. We cannot move forward until we look back honestly."

Chronology of the Battle of Berlin

After the Red Army captured Vienna, Stalin decided to seize Berlin before the Americans and committed 2.5 million troops, about 6,000 tanks and more than 40,000 artillery pieces.

On 21 April Soviet troops entered the outskirts of Berlin.

On 22 April Adolf Hitler, rather than acknowledge defeat at a staff meeting, ordered the fighting to continue.

During the Soviet capture of the city, approximately 100,000 women are estimated to have been raped.

Hitler killed himself on 30 April, and on 2 May the Reichstag was taken by Soviet troops.