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Italianil Post — “The Rapes in Germany, 70 Years Ago”
The rapes in Germany, 70 years ago
At the end of the Second World War almost two million German women were raped by Russian soldiers in what is remembered as “the largest mass rape in history.”
The Second World War in Europe ended in the first days of May 1945: between the 2nd, when Berlin surrendered, and the 8th, when the German army’s act of surrender was officially signed. But for many Germans the end of the war did not mean the end of suffering at all. In those days very many women, girls and elderly women were raped by soldiers of the Soviet army. The figures are difficult to verify with certainty, but estimates speak of one hundred thousand in Berlin alone and two million overall. It is a story that is rarely found in history books and that even in Germany began to emerge only in recent years.
Prelude
At least from 1943 it was clear that Germany would lose the war; the only questions were how long it would take and who would be the first to occupy German soil. In particular, a large part of the German population was terrified by the idea that the Russians would be the first to arrive in Germany. For years Nazi propaganda had depicted the “Slavs” and the “Bolsheviks” as capable of every kind of barbarity.
The Germans had their first taste of what would happen to Germany after the collapse of the Nazi regime in October 1944, when a small detachment of Russian soldiers managed to cross the German border and occupy the East Prussian village of Nemmersdorf for several hours. When the Germans retook the village they found the bodies of 74 people, including women, elderly people and children. The women, aged between eight and eighty-four, had all been raped and tortured. Some bodies were found nailed to the door of a barn. The Nazis photographed the massacre and circulated the pictures throughout Germany. Accustomed to propaganda exaggerations, many people refused to believe what had happened, but they would experience similar events themselves soon afterward.
Prussia
The first units of the Russian army to enter Germany a few months after Nemmersdorf surprised the local population by their kindness and humanity, but the officers warned civilians: “We can answer for our men, not for those who will come after us.” Behind the disciplined soldiers leading the advance came the chaotic mass of second-line troops: tired or bored soldiers, undisciplined and chronically drunk. When these men crossed the border into East Prussia, historian Max Hastings wrote, “the rape of women by Russian soldiers reached a scale that went beyond sexual desire and reflected only an atavistic desire to violate an entire society.”
According to another historian, Antony Beevor, who was able to consult archives opened after the fall of the Soviet Union, 1.4 million German women were raped in the eastern regions of Germany. Other estimates put the total as high as two million. Russian soldiers spared neither girls nor elderly women, nor even Russian prisoners of war found in labor camps, who were regarded as guilty of having allowed themselves to be captured alive by the Nazis. According to historians, behind what Beevor called “the most systematic mass rape in history” was an explosive combination of factors: exhaustion after the long war, the desire to avenge German atrocities and the constant abuse of alcohol.
More than anything else, however, Soviet propaganda probably contributed to the violence. Each army formation had political officers whose job was to motivate the soldiers. These Communist Party commissars indoctrinated the troops with the need to hate the Germans and make them pay a high price for having invaded Russia. The commissars did not say that German women had to be raped; on the contrary, the party’s official line was that the Russian soldier would be too full of hatred for the enemy even to think of touching a German woman. In practice, however, no effective punitive measures were introduced. As Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, author of The Gulag Archipelago and an artillery officer during the Prussian campaign, wrote, “everyone knew perfectly well that they could rape German girls and then shoot them.”
While British and American generals considered reintroducing the death penalty in their armies specifically for rape, the attitude of the Soviet authorities was illustrated by Stalin’s answer to a Yugoslav leader who complained that Russian soldiers had raped women even though his country was allied with the Soviet Union. Stalin replied:
“Do you have any idea how complicated the human mind is? Well, imagine a man who has fought from Stalingrad to Belgrade, crossing more than a thousand kilometers of his devastated homeland, strewn with the bodies of his comrades and his dearest relatives. How can such a man behave normally? And what is so terrible about amusing himself with a woman after all these horrors? The important thing is to fight Germany. Everything else is unimportant.”
It is estimated that the arrival of the Soviet army caused more than two million people to flee the eastern regions of Germany — Prussia, Silesia and Pomerania — during the last months of the war. Hundreds of thousands of these refugees reached Berlin and brought with them stories of Russian atrocities. Many Berliners received those stories skeptically. It seemed impossible to them that the refugees could describe a reality worse than the one Berliners themselves had already experienced: their city had been bombed almost every day for nearly two years, whereas the areas from which the refugees came had until then largely been spared fighting. A joke circulated in the city: “I’d rather have a Russian on top of me than a bomb.”
Berlin
Journalist Lucy Ash wrote a long and well-documented article for the BBC about the behavior of the Soviet army in Germany. Among the unpublished material she was able to use was the diary of Vladimir Gelfand, a young Ukrainian lieutenant in the Red Army: an extraordinary document because of the frankness and brutality with which it describes the routine of Russian soldiers during the final days of the war. At the end of April 1945 Gelfand was with his unit on the outskirts of Berlin. In an entry dated 25 April, only a few days before the fall of the city, he describes how, during a bicycle ride on the banks of the River Spree, he met a group of German women carrying suitcases and bundles.
“With faces distorted by horror they told me what had happened on the first night when the Red Army arrived.” All had been raped: one by twenty different soldiers, another had seen her daughter raped before her eyes. They were terrified that more Russians might return and begin all over again. One woman was so distraught that she threw herself into Gelfand’s arms: “Sleep with me! Do whatever you want with me, as long as you are the only one!”
For many women in Berlin the horror and fear were so great that they attached themselves to Russian officers in the hope of being protected. In another document collected by Ash, a German woman describes how a group of Russians broke into her home. Desperate, and using the little Russian she knew, she tried to persuade their officer to spare her. The officer ordered his men to stop, but one protested: “After everything the Germans did to our women? They took my sister and my mother!” The officer managed to calm him and lead him out. A little later the woman went into the corridor to check that the soldiers had left. They had not; they were waiting for her. When they were finished she wrote in her diary: “I understood that I needed a wolf to keep the other beasts away.” The woman began an ambiguous relationship with a Russian officer and wondered in her diary whether what she did with him could still be considered rape.
When her diary was anonymously published in West Germany in 1959, she was criticized by her own compatriots: the bargain that she and hundreds of other women had made with Russians was regarded as a stain on German honor. In East Germany, controlled by the Soviet Union, speaking about violence committed by Russian soldiers was simply unthinkable; any accusation against the Russian soldiers who had liberated Germany could lead to imprisonment. A few months ago Putin’s parliament approved a law imposing a fine and up to five years in prison on anyone who denigrates the conduct of the Russian army during the Second World War.
In Berlin alone at least one hundred thousand women were raped. We have a fairly precise idea of the figures thanks to abortion records. At the time abortion was a crime in Germany, but in the summer of 1945 health authorities decided to make an exception for women who had been victims of sexual violence. Ash visited one of the archives containing these records. Today it is housed in a former munitions factory in Neukölln, one of Berlin’s districts. Inside blue folders, Ash writes, are extremely fragile sheets of yellow paper. On one of them, a girl barely of age, writing in a childlike hand, describes how she was raped by a group of Russian soldiers in the living room of her home in front of her parents. In Neukölln alone there are another thousand such sheets.