Истинная правда и её фальшивые интерпретации

The True Truth and Its False Interpretations

On 18 June 2022, at the museum “Smolensk Region during the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945,” with the support of the regional branch of the Russian Military Historical Society in Smolensk Region, a presentation was held of military historian Oleg Sdvizhkov’s book Do Not Introduce Soviet Orders: The Red Army in Europe, 1944–1945.

The monograph, which will undoubtedly be in demand among professional historians, university lecturers and history teachers, local historians, and everyone interested in the history of our Fatherland and how it is perceived in the West, was presented to residents of Smolensk by the book’s author, military historian Oleg Vladimirovich Sdvizhkov, and Professor Yuri Alexandrovich Nikiforov, head of the Research Department of the Russian Military Historical Society (RMHS).

A unique book and its author

As Professor Nikiforov reported, in 2021 the Russian Military Historical Society launched a new publishing project called the “Library of the Russian Military Historical Society.” As part of this project, the current year saw the publication of a collection of articles by military historian Oleg Sdvizhkov, Do Not Introduce Soviet Orders: The Red Army in Europe, 1941–1945.

This book is devoted to the Red Army’s liberation mission in Europe during the Second World War, as well as to the place of these events in contemporary politics. The book is indeed unique, above all because it was not written as historical journalism responding to the issues of the day, but assembled from the author’s scholarly historical articles, produced strictly on the basis of documentary evidence of the era and its painstaking historical analysis, while of course being adapted for a general readership. And there is a paradox: although it was written long before the current events connected, as the article puts it, with Russophobia unleashed by the West, every page is described as extremely relevant because, according to the author, it clearly demonstrates that contemporary Europe’s hatred of Russia has deep Nazi roots.

What is the book about? In it, Oleg Sdvizhkov presents arguments intended to expose Western attempts to create “black myths” about the Red Army during the Second World War and studies the mechanisms by which, in his interpretation, they are introduced into contemporary mass culture.

It is important to note, the article continues, that the book’s author knows the material he writes about extremely well, “first-hand,” so to speak. This is evident from his biography. Oleg Vladimirovich Sdvizhkov was born in 1964 in the Moscow Region. In 1989 he graduated from the history faculty of the N. K. Krupskaya Moscow Regional Historical Institute. Fate later led him to live in the United States for a long period. He speaks excellent English and several other foreign languages.

While living in the United States, he became interested in the question of the scholarly basis for the image created in Western media and historiography of the Red Army as an “army of rapists” and occupiers of Eastern Europe.

After returning to Russia in 2009, Oleg Vladimirovich completed postgraduate study at the Institute of History and Politics of Moscow Pedagogical State University. He participated in a research project on the Red Army’s liberation mission in Europe in 1944–1945. He was a co-author of a large monograph on the topic and also wrote a number of publications on techniques and methods used in English-language media and historiography to create a negative image of the Red Army. Thus, Do Not Introduce Soviet Orders: The Red Army in Europe, 1944–1945 is described as a kind of culmination of the author’s many years of painstaking work on this subject.

The materials assembled under the book’s cover can conventionally be divided into two closely connected parts. The first gives an account of major events directly reflecting the course of the Red Army’s liberation mission. The second contains articles devoted to what the author describes as the West’s negative politicization of the history of that mission and the creation of “black myths” about it.

As an appendix, the monograph publishes a portion of the diary of Zakhar Agranenko (Yerukhimovich) devoted to his trip to East Prussia in March 1945 — direct eyewitness testimony about relations between the local population and the Red Army at that difficult time.

“By consciously avoiding a linear (chronological) structure, the author has not only made the narrative more multidimensional, but also led the reader to new levels of understanding the problem under consideration. The work consists of about fifteen popular-scholarly articles, each devoted to one aspect of the problem and representing a logically complete text. At the same time, these independent parts come together, like a mosaic, into an overall picture that is more complex and multilayered,” says Oksana Viktorovna Kornilova, Candidate of Historical Sciences and an employee of the Smolensk Fortress Museum, assessing the architecture of Oleg Sdvizhkov’s book.

The Price of Liberation

The title of the first part of the book is traditional for Russian historiography — “The Price of Liberation.” In it, the author gives a brief overview of the liberation of European countries by the Red Army and consistently disputes the myth of the “Soviet occupation” of Europe.

The section concentrates a considerable body of factual, strictly documented material intended to show that the USSR was fighting not simply Nazi Germany but, in effect, almost all of Europe. This included Eastern Europe, which for political reasons was for a long time described in the Soviet Union as consisting almost of Russia’s best friends and even brothers.

The first Eastern European country entered by Soviet troops was Romania. During the war, the author notes, it was one of Germany’s principal allies. Romanian troops, together with German forces, entered Soviet territory on 22 June 1941 and actively participated in military operations and in the occupation regime in the southern USSR. Romanians took part in the capture of Odessa, the seizure of Crimea and Sevastopol, fighting in the Kuban and Caucasus, and the Battle of Stalingrad. Citing German sources, the author notes that the initial strength of Romanian troops on the Eastern Front was 325,000 men. Romania left the war only after its defeat in the Jassy–Kishinev operation at the end of August 1944. Total Soviet losses on Romanian territory amounted to 286,000 men, about 69,000 of whom were killed.

Readers will also learn much that may be unexpected about Bulgaria’s role. Bulgaria did not formally declare war on the Soviet Union during the Second World War, but by participating in the occupation of Greece and Yugoslavia and fighting Greek and Yugoslav partisans, it freed Wehrmacht forces for the Eastern Front. The Bulgarian government allowed German command to use its territory, airfields and seaports. Only after prolonged and unsuccessful negotiations, in which the Soviet government tried to persuade Bulgaria to break with Germany, did the Red Army enter the country. Although the Red Army did not fight Bulgarian troops, its total losses on Bulgarian territory amounted to 12,750 men, including 997 deaths.

Hungary was Germany’s most consistent ally in Eastern Europe. It declared war on the Soviet Union on 26 June 1941, when its Carpathian Group of about 50,000 men entered Ukrainian territory. In 1942, 200,000 Hungarians participated in the Battle of Stalingrad. Red Army losses in Hungary amounted to 484,000 men, including 140,000 irrecoverable losses.

Relying on figures and facts, the author also describes in detail the liberation of Austria, the Czech lands, Slovakia and Poland.

The article endorses Oleg Sdvizhkov’s conclusion that all the countries of Eastern Europe were involved in the war in one form or another: Romanian, Hungarian, Slovak, Croatian and Bulgarian troops fought either the Red Army or resistance movements, while the economic resources of these countries were actively used by Germany.

Sdvizhkov’s book also recalls that Soviet troops liberated several million prisoners of Nazi concentration camps, people deported for forced labor, and prisoners of war of various nationalities on European territory. About one million Poles, for example, emerged from concentration camps, while another 2.5 million Poles previously driven from their homes by the Germans were able to return home.

Deliberately Silenced

Introducing the second part of his book, Oleg Sdvizhkov argues that while Russian historiography refers to the entire set of Red Army measures in Europe as the “Liberation Mission,” this concept is absent from Western historical literature, while the peaceful activities of Soviet troops and their assistance to populations in liberated territories receive only episodic attention or none at all.

According to the author, attempts in the West to discredit the Red Army as a liberating army began in the late 1940s. They became noticeably stronger in the late 1960s, around 1990, and again in the early 2000s. Since Western authors were unable, in his view, to discredit the Red Army using the course of military operations themselves, they shifted the focus of their “research” to the behavior of Soviet soldiers in Europe, especially Germany. One widespread technique, he argues, is to transfer isolated, documented instances of deviant behavior — behavior departing from social norms — by individual servicemen onto all Red Army soldiers as a whole.

In the articles making up the second part of the book, the author presents concrete examples of what he sees as such attempts to discredit the Red Army and formulates the principal techniques he believes are used to falsify historical facts.

Liberation from Nazism or Occupation?

This part of the book opens with the article “We Do Not and Cannot Have Such Goals… as Seizing Foreign Territories,” in which the author examines in detail the question of what the Red Army’s liberation mission really was: liberation from Nazism or the so-called “Soviet occupation” of Europe.

The author of the monograph unequivocally argues that the Soviet government did not regard the transfer of military operations into Europe as conquest, and that the entry of Soviet troops into the territory of any country therefore always had clear legal and diplomatic justification. Military action against states allied with Germany was always preceded by negotiations with their governments about leaving the war. If a country’s withdrawal from the war could not be achieved peacefully and the Red Army began military operations, negotiations nevertheless continued, leaving governments the possibility of reducing their own losses, destruction and civilian suffering.

The principle of “unconditional surrender,” the author emphasizes, was applied only to Germany.

As evidence, Oleg Vladimirovich cites orders, statements and interviews by Joseph Stalin, declarations of the Soviet People’s Commissariat for Foreign Affairs, statements from Red Army command and front commanders, and testimony by foreign journalists and politicians.

The author recalls that in his first public speech after the beginning of the war, on 3 July 1941, Stalin clearly stated that the goal of the Patriotic War against the fascist invaders “is not only the elimination of the danger hanging over our country, but also aid to all the peoples of Europe groaning under the yoke of German fascism.”

In a speech marking the 24th anniversary of the October Revolution on 6 November 1941, Stalin formulated the Soviet Union’s future goals in Europe as follows:

“We do not and cannot have such aims as the seizure of foreign territories and the subjugation of foreign peoples… We do not and cannot have such war aims as imposing our will and our regime on the Slavic and other enslaved peoples of Europe… Our aim is to help these peoples in their liberation struggle against Hitler’s tyranny and then to give them complete freedom to arrange their life on their own land as they wish. No interference in the internal affairs of other peoples!”

What, then, was the Soviet leadership’s attitude toward Germany and the German people?

“Sometimes people chatter in the foreign press that the Red Army has as its aim the extermination of the German people and the destruction of the German state… The Red Army does not and cannot have such idiotic aims… It is quite possible that the war for the liberation of Soviet soil will lead to the expulsion or destruction of Hitler’s clique. We would welcome such an outcome. But it would be ridiculous to identify Hitler’s clique with the German people, with the German state. The experience of history shows that Hitlers come and go, while the German people and the German state remain…”

Almost a year later, on the eve of another anniversary of the Revolution, 6 November 1942, Stalin reaffirmed the main provisions of that order:

“We do not have the task of destroying Germany, because it is impossible to destroy Germany just as it is impossible to destroy Russia. But Hitler’s state can and must be destroyed.”

The book’s author emphasizes that “these statements were made during bloody defensive battles on Soviet territory. Strategic initiative lay with the German army and it was impossible to predict the outcome of the war.”

Even after the situation at the front changed radically in the USSR’s favor, the tone of new statements by the Soviet leadership on the issue did not change. In his report for the 26th anniversary of the Revolution on 6 November 1943, Stalin said:

“Our government’s policy on these questions remains unchanged. Together with our allies, we shall have to: 1) liberate the peoples of Europe from the fascist invaders and assist them in restoring their national states, dismembered by the fascist enslavers… 2) give the liberated peoples of Europe the full right and freedom to decide for themselves the question of their state structure…”

Against the background of these official statements, Oleg Sdvizhkov notes attempts by Western authors to attribute to the Soviet government aims of subordinating Eastern European countries or establishing social systems there analogous to the Soviet one. The article characterizes this as an early form of what today would be called “fake-news policy.”

“Hitlers Come and Go…”

In the next article, “Hitlers Come and Go…,” the author notes that, having found no direct instructions in official Soviet documents — public statements by Stalin and other politicians, orders and decrees — instructing Red Army troops to loot, commit violence or kill in European countries, Western authors are forced, he argues, to write about supposedly “secret” intentions of that kind.

Among these alleged “secret” orders, for example, is a mythical permission supposedly granted by Marshal R. Ya. Malinovsky, commander of the 2nd Ukrainian Front, allowing Budapest to be “freely looted” for three days. Hungarian historian Ungváry wrote about it, citing a certain Endre Sásvári, about whom no information, according to the article, has been found.

In systematically refuting what he calls historical fakes, the author builds a logical chain of evidence. In wartime the Red Army was the only instrument available for carrying out Soviet policy in Eastern Europe. Therefore, any “secret” intentions frequently discussed by Western authors should have appeared in directives and orders addressed to Soviet troops. Such orders would have had to contain provisions opposite to, and effectively nullifying for servicemen, the publicly proclaimed ones.

If official Soviet statements were merely a diversion, as Western researchers are said to claim, then orders sent by the Supreme High Command through secret channels to front commanders, and subsequent orders to armies and lower structures, would have had to contain the political leadership’s real — the supposedly “secret” — intentions.

At the end of the war, the Red Army was an enormous and complex social structure. More than ten million people were under arms, 7.5 million of them in Eastern Europe. Krasnaya Zvezda (Red Star) was the central organ of the Soviet People’s Commissariat of Defense, and its editorials had the character of directive documents for servicemen. Soldiers and officers also read newspapers and listened to the radio, the author notes, and knew that a published order by Stalin carried more authority than a contradictory order by a battalion commander.

“Who would have dared explain to them that ‘Stalin should not be taken seriously’?” Oleg Sdvizhkov asks rhetorically. The article says the question needs no answer: it regards claims by Western authors about “secret” intentions transmitted down through the Red Army while contradicting official Soviet resolutions, statements and army orders as obviously absurd.

The overall logic of the argument is supported in the book by excerpts from State Defense Committee resolutions, directives and encrypted telegrams dealing with the behavior of Soviet troops in liberated European countries.

In the first period after liberation, authority was in the hands of military commandant’s offices, which were not regarded as organs of occupation administration and were not intended to replace local authorities. In Romania, for example, Soviet military authorities were made responsible for ensuring the operation of enterprises whose owners had fled, protecting the personal and property rights of the population, and safeguarding private property. To avoid tension with local inhabitants, goods for army needs — something specifically stipulated in State Defense Committee decrees — were to be purchased for payment and at prices “in force before the entry of Soviet troops.”

In Bulgaria, after detaining employees of the German embassy, Soviet command took measures to protect the inviolability of diplomatic missions of other countries. In Hungary, important tasks of the Soviet military administration included maintaining and restoring the country’s economic life, preserving Hungarian administrative structures, and protecting the population’s property rights.

The system of administration was different in Austria, which had been part of the Third Reich: administration of the territories was assigned to Soviet military commandant’s offices. Even there, however, local residents were involved in government, for example as temporary burgomasters.

O. V. Sdvizhkov draws attention to Soviet command demands that soldiers and commanders treat religion and the church correctly in all liberated territories. A report on work among the local population drawn up in early June 1945 stated:

“The Red Army’s attitude toward questions of religion makes a strong impression on local residents. Before our troops arrived, under the influence of German-fascist propaganda many inhabitants believed that as soon as the Russians came they would abolish the church and religious services and exile all clergy to Siberia. Later, however, the population became convinced that the Red Army did not obstruct worship and did not persecute ministers of the church.”

The author emphasizes that the very first document regulating Soviet troop behavior in Poland stated, among other things, that it was necessary “to ensure that all our soldiers and officers understand the need, in dealing with the population, to maintain a sense of personal dignity and the authority of the Red Army. To be polite and cultured while at the same time avoiding servility and over-familiarity…”

At the same time, it was required to “pay special attention to explaining to all personnel the intolerability of even the slightest cases of arbitrary conduct.”

The Weapon of Revenge

The author especially emphasizes that after Soviet troops entered German territory, front commanders issued orders on relations with civilians in which they instructed troops to “direct people’s feeling of hatred toward exterminating the enemy on the battlefield,” while forbidding them to “oppress the German population, loot apartments, or burn houses.”

On 9 February 1945 Krasnaya Zvezda published an editorial entitled “Our Revenge.” Fighting in Germany had by then been under way for about a month.

“Hatred,” the article said, “is an additional weapon in our struggle against the Germans. We have always taken care, take care now, and must continue to take care that this weapon is not blunted for a single minute. With it we passed through all the trials of the war. With it we shall reach the German capital…”

But, the book’s author notes, the ancient principle “an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth” was not understood literally.

“One cannot imagine matters in such a way that if, for example, fascist two-legged beasts publicly raped our women or engaged in looting, then we in revenge should do the same,” the article stated.

At that moment servicemen were required “to impose the highest demands on themselves and their subordinates with respect to discipline.” They were called upon not to permit, “in a fit of blind revenge and senseless rage,” arson and destruction of enterprises and material assets in occupied territory.

Quoting the article, Sdvizhkov again stresses that Krasnaya Zvezda was the central organ of the People’s Commissariat of Defense and that its editorials carried the character of directives.

From “The Internationale” to Fear of Siberia

Another article in O. V. Sdvizhkov’s book, “We All Felt an Irresistible Fear of the Russians…,” is devoted to German propaganda, which presented chilling images of the Soviet soldier to the populations of countries occupied by Germany.

The author notes that attitudes toward the Red Army differed from country to country and, moreover, were not uniform among different social and political groups. To support this point, the study quotes a large number of Soviet official documents and memoirs of direct participants in the events.

Oleg Sdvizhkov’s book is described as useful and interesting because it gives diametrically opposite assessments of how Red Army soldiers were perceived by Europeans in liberated countries. Local feelings ranged from joy — as in one area of Norway, where people came out to meet Soviet troops singing their national anthem and “The Internationale” — to irrational terror, which was most characteristic of Germany.

In most cases, the author says, the cause of this fear, sometimes reaching the level of mental disorder, was Hitler’s propaganda.

Among the most common forms of psychological influence, the author includes the fear instilled in Germans that Red Army troops would take revenge for atrocities committed by the Hitler regime. Another myth about Russia propagated by Nazi propaganda was forced deportation to distant Russian Siberia, where Europeans supposedly faced inevitable painful death in forty-degree frost.

The author notes that the consequences of such propaganda were very tragic. A number of documents recorded the almost complete absence of German inhabitants in some districts: people fled en masse deeper into the country, abandoning their property and homes and breaking family ties. In extreme cases people could not cope with the stress and resorted to suicide.

The monograph draws attention to the large number of suicides among German civilians allegedly provoked by Nazi propaganda. In one German village, for example, fifty-eight women and adolescents cut their wrists before the Red Army entered.

At the same time, O. V. Sdvizhkov writes that fear of the Red Army was not universal and, as a rule, quickly passed.

“Do Not Break the Previous Order; Do Not Introduce Soviet Orders…”

“Do not break the previous order; do not introduce Soviet orders…” — this quotation from State Defense Committee Resolution No. 5594 on the behavior of Soviet troops in Romania is used as the title of Sdvizhkov’s article on establishing peaceful life in European countries liberated by the Red Army.

The author examines the practical work of military commandant’s offices, which assisted local self-government bodies in organizing and carrying out everyday work and also maintained order in rear military units. The article notes that Soviet military administration in European countries operated on the basis of orders from Supreme Command and government decisions, and that its principal goal was to ensure the population’s loyalty to the Red Army in order to facilitate military tasks.

The book also gives many documentary examples of Soviet military administrations actively participating in the restoration of economic life and civilian infrastructure in liberated territories.

Using Goebbels’s Formulations

A separate article in the book, “There Were Several Extraordinary Incidents… Cases of Drunkenness,” is devoted to a critical analysis of works by a number of Western authors who paint in vivid colors what they describe as an “orgy of continuous violence against the local population.”

The author contrasts what he calls unsupported nonfiction works about looting, killings of civilians and mass rape with documentary data from the Central Archive of the Russian Ministry of Defense, memoirs of participants, and the views of Western researchers whom he considers objective.

The title itself is intended to illustrate that the behavior of individual Red Army soldiers was far from ideal but, according to Sdvizhkov, was not characteristic of the Red Army as a whole. He also argues that isolated violations of discipline were harshly punished.

Nevertheless, the article says, a number of Western authors who actively participate in what it calls an information war against Russia and create an anti-Russian public historical mood write, for example, that the Red Army’s behavior “reflected not ordinary brutality but sadism surpassing that of the Nazis.”

The author responds that such unsupported accusations, voiced more than half a century after the end of the war, are not new, and that precisely such formulations were used by Joseph Goebbels, head of the Third Reich’s propaganda ministry.

Many fascist ideas that, he says, smoldered with varying intensity during the Cold War have flared up with unprecedented force in the present era. The author provides an extended study of real and alleged crimes for which contemporary Western authors and some domestic followers assign blame to Red Army soldiers. In contrast with what he describes as unsupported accusations by opponents, he draws on a broad range of sources, from documents of the Russian Defense Ministry’s Central Archive to materials from the “I Remember” web portal.

On Wars of Memory

The title of another article by O. V. Sdvizhkov, “From the East Came Bolshevized Mongol and Slavic Hordes…,” is a quotation from the 1947 American book Gruesome Harvest: The Costly Attempt to Exterminate the People of Germany.

The article is devoted to the claim that the contemporary information attack on the historical and cultural past of the Russian Federation, and open attempts to distort and rewrite the history of the Second World War, have a long history. Western historiography, the author says, actively uses the political-historical concept of the “Soviet occupation” of Eastern Europe.

According to the author, among the overwhelming majority of Western “researchers” on Soviet and contemporary Russian history there are almost no professional historians. He argues that in the Western tradition the label “historian” is automatically “given” to an author who writes books on historical subjects regardless of specialist education, scholarly achievements or degrees. The designation “nonfiction” is, he says, assigned almost universally to books that would not qualify as scholarly historical studies by the criteria of the academic community.

Based on an analysis of several works by Western authors, this article gives a brief overview of publications of that kind. One of their favored subjects, it says, is rape. The overwhelming majority of the publications concern Red Army soldiers. Even when Allied troops enter the general narrative, however, the article quotes one author as saying that “our occupation troops are fine, young American boys, mostly green, inexperienced teenage conscripts who have no opportunity either to leave the service or fully understand its precise nature.”

Red Army soldiers, by contrast, are said by the American author to have “continuously raped every woman and girl they caught, infecting them with venereal diseases.”

The author cannot conceal cases of violence by Allied forces, but when mentioning them, states that for this purpose “the British used colonial troops, the French — Senegalese and Moroccans, and the Americans — an exceptionally high proportion of Negroes.”

Oleg Vladimirovich notes that this American book repeats almost word for word the principal dogmas of Nazi propaganda, although it contains more than two hundred source references. One hundred and seventy of them, he says, are uncritical references to newspaper articles from 1944–1946.

The fate of the book — forgotten for almost half a century immediately after publication and revived in the late 1980s on the eve of the fall of the Iron Curtain and collapse of the USSR — is presented as a vivid example of the so-called wars of memory, or information wars, conducted since the beginning of the Cold War. In modern times the book was reissued in 2004, in 2012, and in a freely available electronic version in 2014, despite racist remarks by the American author that would be considered unacceptable today.

Sdvizhkov then analyzes works by other American authors said to have significant influence on public consciousness in the English-speaking world and the West as a whole. A characteristic feature of these works, he argues, is the use by authors — most of whom, he reminds the reader, are not historians — of recollections personally recorded by them or retold by real or alleged individuals, together with a small number of Soviet documents generally used out of context.

When documentary evidence available to anti-Russian propagandists does not fit the paradigm they are developing, the author says they frequently use a set of rhetorical, literary and psychological techniques rather than scholarly historical methods.

Sdvizhkov notes, first, that Western authors speak of the “insincerity” of Soviet orders and attribute to Soviet leadership and command secret intentions and thoughts not only absent from the documents but directly contradicting them.

Second, historical events are modeled on the basis of selective information.

In addition, publications of this type are characterized, in his view, by tendentious interpretation of testimony of questionable adequacy from participants in events and by appeals to figures considered authoritative by readers.

The author also points to what he regards as an entirely improper scholarly reliance on rumor and the replacement of a statistical approach to evaluating Soviet soldiers’ behavior with emotional judgments.

The result, he says, is that every individual case of deviant behavior by a Red Army soldier, vividly described in memoirs — most often recorded second-hand or from rumors — and not established as a legal fact, is used by Western authors to discredit all Red Army soldiers.

Sdvizhkov argues that isolated instances of improper behavior by Red Army soldiers, extended without proof to the conduct of the Red Army as a whole, are then used to falsify the history of the Second World War and justify revision of its results.

“Who Is This Incredibly Tenacious Woman?”

The article entitled “Who Is This Incredibly Tenacious Woman?” continues the book’s theme of what Sdvizhkov describes as conscious falsification by Western authors of events connected with the Red Army’s liberation mission in Europe.

As an example, it discusses the film A Woman in Berlin, which won a prize in Santa Barbara as best foreign film but, according to the article, was ultimately prohibited from screening in both Germany and Russia following protests.

The filmmakers present it as documentary evidence. Why, then, did both Germany and Russia supposedly oppose this German-Polish project? To answer, the author proposes two questions. First, how closely does the film correspond to its literary source? Second, is the underlying literary work a reliable historical source?

The monograph’s author conducted what is described as an almost detective-like investigation to answer these questions. Oleg Vladimirovich’s conclusion is presented as fundamentally important for understanding the paradigm of anti-Soviet and anti-Russian propaganda:

“The story shown in the film is not a literal reproduction of the book’s content. The authors merely use it as a source for their own creative imagination… Many episodes retold in the book from other people’s words acquire flesh and blood in the film… The filmmakers’ main achievement is that the question of violence by Soviet soldiers against civilians is shifted from the plane of ‘did it exist on a significant scale?’ to the plane of ‘how should we relate to it?’ Both those who condemn the Soviet soldier and those who justify him thereby become united in recognizing an orgy of mass violence, which at present is not a proven fact.”

The Image of the Red Army as a Horde

In the article “Nine, Ten, Twelve Men at the Same Time…,” the author conducts a detailed analysis of British historian Antony Beevor’s book Berlin: The Downfall 1945, which became a number-one bestseller in Britain and seven other countries immediately after its publication in 2002.

In 2004 the book appeared in Russian and became, according to the article, a sensation in Russian society: for the first time, a domestic readership was presented with the image of the Red Army as a senseless, brutal horde bursting into Europe and destroying everything in its path.

One chapter of the book draws on the diary of Soviet theater director Zakhar Agranenko, whose real surname was Yerukhimovich.

The quotation used as the title of Sdvizhkov’s article describes gang rape of German women that, according to the contemporary British author, was widespread. This particular episode from Beevor’s book circulated widely in quotations and internet discussions.

But comparison of Beevor’s discussion with the original diary text, Sdvizhkov argues, shows that the British author interpreted what he read incorrectly. He regards this as especially important because a “black myth” of the Red Army has, in his view, been created in Europe for more than seven decades and since the 2000s has been used intensively to discredit the Red Army’s role in liberating Europe from Nazism.

What Did Not Happen Was Invented

The article “On What Was Happening…” discusses V. Gelfand’s Diary 1941–1945, published in 2015 and said to have drawn particular interest from Western media.

That same year, just before celebrations of the 70th anniversary of Victory, the BBC website published an article entitled “The Rape of Berlin: The Unknown Story of the War.” Several months later a Russian translation appeared on the BBC Russian Service website.

The publication once again raised the subject of what it called Russian “atrocities” in occupied Europe. According to its author, “Soviet soldiers raped countless women on their way to Berlin.”

In vividly describing violence by Red Army soldiers against German women, the BBC article cites the diary of Soviet officer Vladimir Gelfand.

After a detailed analysis of the source, Sdvizhkov says that out of roughly 300 episodes in the diary, only four concern sexual violence. Because the material in Gelfand’s Diary was, in his view, insufficient to create an epic picture of “atrocities,” he says the Western journalist added a detailed retelling of another diary, A Woman in Berlin, a vivid literary text that he regards as having no scholarly value.

“The Film Was Born from Molecules of Life…”

Sdvizhkov’s book is also presented as particularly valuable in debunking anti-Soviet and anti-Russian “fakes” because of another aspect: a detailed analysis of the relationship between historical truth and cinema in relation to the Great Patriotic War.

According to VTsIOM data cited by the author, for 86 percent of Russians — especially younger people — cinema rather than books, museums and so forth is a source of information about the war.

In the 2000s, however, the process of revising the USSR’s role in liberating Europe from fascism reached cinema as well. In a number of films, the Red Army was transformed into a senseless aggressive crowd and the liberator soldier into a hysterical rapist.

In the final two articles of the book, the author examines, among other things, the place of Second World War films in contemporary memory politics.

The article “Based on Real Events…,” co-authored with E. N. Kontsova, a senior researcher at the Central Archive of the Russian Ministry of Defense, analyzes the historical reliability of D. Fost’s story “Russian Bylina” (2006). The story, printed in a journal included on the Higher Attestation Commission list, was adapted as the film 4 Days in May.

The film’s epigraph used the words “Nach eine wahren Begebenheit” [sic] (“[Based] on real events”), implying the historical authenticity of what was shown. Four documentary sources were mentioned as supposedly confirming the events described in the story.

The first is a story by Marshal K. S. Moskalenko that, according to the article, nobody except his son and the story’s author ever heard. Moreover, during the events on Rügen Island in May 1945, the marshal was liberating Prague and did not witness what happened there.

The second source is a book by General I. I. Fedyuninsky, supposedly quoted by Fost. Comparison with the general’s memoirs, the article says, shows that the story’s author invented the subsequent development of an event merely mentioned by Fedyuninsky.

At first glance, the most convincing source is “Political Report of the Head of the Political Department of the 2nd Shock Army, 08/05/1945, No. 00176.”

The ordinary reader, naturally, will not verify it. But when researchers turned to the archives of the Russian Defense Ministry, they found, according to the article, that the document never existed and was most likely composed by the story’s author himself.

Oleg Sdvizhkov therefore argues that “Russian Bylina” is not simply authorial fiction but a classic example of historical falsification carried out at factual and psychological levels.

The creators of 4 Days in May, by using the story as authentic, shift the viewer’s attention toward moral evaluation and encourage reflection and emotion about things not directly connected with reality. Forced to accept the story as a starting point, viewers involuntarily perceive the film’s events as authentic and real.

Over time, the author believes, historical details from the story and film will fade from memory and viewers will be left only with “the feeling of some disgusting act committed by Soviet soldiers somewhere in Germany in the first days of peace.”

Sdvizhkov’s article “The Film Was Born from Molecules of Life…” serves as a kind of conclusion to the part of the book devoted to contemporary Western views of Red Army behavior in Europe in 1944–1945.

“Can a feature film be historically accurate?” the author asks. Life, and especially life in wartime, is full of unexpected and highly improbable situations. One important criterion for the historical reliability of a feature film is whether the events and characters shown are typical or unique and accidental. In that capacity, the author concludes, a film gains the meaning of a historical symbol and becomes an adequate means of shaping historical memory.

“Ukropaganda”: Direct Followers of Goebbels

O. V. Sdvizhkov’s book Do Not Introduce Soviet Orders! The Red Army in Europe, 1944–1945, as noted at its presentation in Smolensk, is based on a wide range of Russian-, English- and German-language publications and sources, which the article describes as an unquestionable strength.

The synthesis of a broad range of historical sources, a popular-scholarly style of presentation, and the author’s chosen method of structuring the study are said to make the book engrossing for a very broad readership and particularly necessary for teachers of Russian history in universities and schools.

The article also says it is necessary for anyone who wants to understand reporting on the “special military operation” being conducted by the Russian Armed Forces in Ukraine.

When reading Western or Ukrainian media and comparing their interpretation of events with what Oleg Sdvizhkov writes, the author of the newspaper article says, one clearly understands that an information war is now being waged against Russia according to exactly the same propaganda templates used to present events of the Second World War — only with even more sophisticated and sometimes, in the article’s wording, completely wild methods.

As an example, the article cites President Volodymyr Zelensky’s claim about a Russian soldier raping a one-year-old Ukrainian infant and responds with the polemical line: “Goebbels must have turned over in his grave with envy more than once…”

Dr. Elke Scherstjanoi "Ein Rotarmist in Deutschland"

Stern "Von Siegern und Besiegten"

Märkische Allgemeine "Hinter den Kulissen"

Das Erste "Kulturreport"

Berliner Zeitung "Besatzer, Schöngeist, Nervensäge, Liebhaber"

SR 2 KulturRadio "Deutschland-Tagebuch 1945-1946 – Aufzeichnungen eines Rotarmisten"

Die Zeit "Wodka, Schlendrian, Gewalt"

Jüdische Allgemeine "Aufzeichnungen im Feindesland"

Mitteldeutsche Zeitung "Ein rotes Herz in Uniform"

Unveröffentlichte Kritik "Aufzeichnungen eines Rotarmisten vom Umgang mit den Deutschen"

Bild "Auf Berlin, das Besiegte, spucke ich!"

Das Buch von Gregor Thum "Traumland Osten. Deutsche Bilder vom östlichen Europa im 20. Jahrhundert"

Flensborg Avis "Set med en russisk officers øjne"

Ostsee Zeitung "Das Tagebuch des Rotarmisten"

Leipziger Volkszeitung "Das Glück lächelt uns also zu!"

Passauer Neue Presse "Erinnerungspolitischer Gezeitenwechsel"

Lübecker Nachrichten "Das Kriegsende aus Sicht eines Rotarmisten"

Lausitzer Rundschau "Ich werde es erzählen"

Leipzigs-Neue "Rotarmisten und Deutsche"

SWR2 Radio ART: Hörspiel "Berlin 45"

Kulturation "Tagebuchaufzeichnungen eines jungen Sowjetleutnants"

Der Tagesspiegel "Hier gibt es Mädchen"

NDR "Bücher Journal"

Kulturportal "Chronik"

Sächsische Zeitung "Bitterer Beigeschmack"

Wiesbadener Tagblatt "Reflexionen, Textcollagen und inhaltlicher Zündstoff"

Deutschlandradio Kultur "Krieg und Kriegsende aus russischer Sicht"

Berliner Zeitung "Die Deutschen tragen alle weisse Armbinden"

MDR "Deutschland-Tagebuch eines Rotarmisten"

Jüdisches Berlin "Das Unvergessliche ist geschehen"/"Личные воспоминания"

Süddeutsche Zeitung "So dachten die Sieger"

Financial Times Deutschland "Aufzeichnungen aus den Kellerlöchern"

Badisches Tagblatt "Ehrliches Interesse oder narzisstische Selbstschau?"

Freie Presse "Ein Rotarmist in Berlin"

Die Berliner Literaturkritik "Politik, Geschichte, Kunst und Philosophie"

Nordkurier/Usedom Kurier "Aufzeichnungen eines Rotarmisten ungefiltert"

Nordkurier "Tagebuch, Briefe und Erinnerungen"

Ostthüringer Zeitung "An den Rand geschrieben"

Potsdamer Neueste Nachrichten "Hier gibt es Mädchen"

NDR Info. Forum Zeitgeschichte "Features und Hintergründe"

Deutschlandradio Kultur. Politische Literatur. "Lasse mir eine Dauerwelle machen"

Konkret "Watching the krauts. Emigranten und internationale Beobachter schildern ihre Eindrücke aus Nachkriegsdeutschland"

Cicero "Voodoo Child. Die verhexten Kinder"

Dagens Nyheter "Det oaendliga kriget"

Utopie-kreativ "Des jungen Leutnants Deutschland - Tagebuch"

Neues Deutschland "Berlin, Stunde Null"

Webwecker-bielefeld "Aufzeichnungen eines Rotarmisten"

Südkurier "Späte Entschädigung"

Online Rezension "Das kriegsende aus der Sicht eines Soldaten der Roten Armee"

Saarbrücker Zeitung "Erstmals: Das Tagebuch eines Rotarmisten"

Neue Osnabrücker Zeitung "Weder Brutalbesatzer noch ein Held"

Thüringische Landeszeitung "Vom Alltag im Land der Besiegten"

Das Argument "Wladimir Gelfand: Deutschland-Tagebuch 1945-1946. Aufzeichnungen eines Rotarmisten"

Deutschland Archiv: Zeitschrift für das vereinigte Deutschland "Betrachtungen eines Aussenseiters"

Neue Gesellschaft/Frankfurter Hefte "Von Siegern und Besiegten"

Deutsch-Russisches Museum Berlin-Karlshorst "Deutschland-Tagebuch 1945-1946. Aufzeichnungen eines Rotarmisten"

Online Rezensionen. Die Literaturdatenbank

Literaturkritik "Ein siegreicher Rotarmist"

RBB Kulturradio "Ein Rotarmist in Berlin"

Українська правда "Нульовий варiант" для ветеранiв вiйни"/Комсомольская правда "Нулевой вариант" для ветеранов войны"

Dagens Nyheter. "Sovjetsoldatens dagbok. Hoppfull läsning trots krigets grymheter"

Ersatz "Tysk dagbok 1945-46 av Vladimir Gelfand"

Borås Tidning "Vittnesmåil från krigets inferno"

Sundsvall (ST) "Solkig skildring av sovjetisk soldat frеn det besegrade Berlin"

Helsingborgs Dagblad "Krigsdagbok av privat natur"

2006 Bradfor "Conference on Contemporary German Literature"

Spring-2005/2006/2016 Foreign Rights, German Diary 1945-1946

Flamman / Ryska Posten "Dagbok kastar tvivel över våldtäktsmyten"

INTERPRES "DAGBOG REJSER TVIVL OM DEN TYSK-REVANCHISTISKE “VOLDTÆGTSMYTE”

Expressen "Kamratliga kramar"

Expressen Kultur "Under våldets täckmantel"

Lo Tidningen "Krigets vardag i röda armén"

Tuffnet Radio "Är krigets våldtäkter en myt?"

Norrköpings Tidningar "En blick från andra sidan"

Expressen Kultur "Den enda vägens historia"

Expressen Kultur "Det totalitära arvet"

Allehanda "Rysk soldatdagbok om den grymma slutstriden"

Ryska Posten "Till försvar för fakta och anständighet"

Hugin & Munin "En rödarmist i Tyskland"

Theater "Das deutsch-russische Soldatenwörtebuch"/Театр "Русско-немецкий солдатский разговорник"

SWR2 Radio "Journal am Mittag"

Berliner Zeitung "Dem Krieg den Krieg erklären"

Die Tageszeitung "Mach's noch einmal, Iwan!"

The book of Paul Steege "Black Market, Cold War: Everyday Life in Berlin, 1946-1949"

Телеканал РТР Культура "Русско-немецкий солдатский разговорник"

Аргументы и факты "Есть ли правда у войны?"

RT "Russian-German soldier's phrase-book on stage in Moscow"

Утро.ru "Контурная карта великой войны"

Коммерсантъ "Языковой окоп"

Телеканал РТР Культура "Широкий формат с Ириной Лесовой"

Museum Berlin-Karlshorst "Das Haus in Karlshorst. Geschichte am Ort der Kapitulation"

Das Buch von Roland Thimme "Rote Fahnen über Potsdam 1933 - 1989: Lebenswege und Tagebücher"

Das Buch von Bernd Vogenbeck, Juliane Tomann, Magda Abraham-Diefenbach: "Terra Transoderana: Zwischen Neumark und Ziemia Lubuska"

Das Buch von Sven Reichardt & Malte Zierenberg "Damals nach dem Krieg Eine Geschichte Deutschlands - 1945 bis 1949"

Lothar Gall & Barbara Blessing "Historische Zeitschrift Register zu Band 276 (2003) bis 285 (2007)"

Wyborcza.pl "Kłopotliwy pomnik w mieście z trudną historią"

Kollektives Gedächtnis "Erinnerungen an meine Cousine Dora aus Königsberg"

Das Buch von Ingeborg Jacobs: "Freiwild: Das Schicksal deutscher Frauen 1945"

Wyborcza.pl "Strącona gwiazda wdzięczności"

Закон i Бiзнес "Двічі по двісті - суд честі"

Радио Свобода "Красная армия. Встреча с Европой"

DEP "Stupri sovietici in Germania /1944-45/"

Дніпропетровський національний історичний музей ім. Яворницького "Музей і відвідувач: методичні розробки, сценарії, концепції. Листи з 43-го"

Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History "The Intelligentsia Meets the Enemy: Educated Soviet Officers in Defeated Germany, 1945"

DAMALS "Deutschland-Tagebuch 1945-1946. Gedankenwelt des Siegers"

Das Buch von Pauline de Bok: "Blankow oder Das Verlangen nach Heimat"

Das Buch von Ingo von Münch: "Frau, komm!": die Massenvergewaltigungen deutscher Frauen und Mädchen 1944/45"

Das Buch von Roland Thimme: "Schwarzmondnacht: Authentische Tagebücher berichten (1933-1953). Nazidiktatur - Sowjetische Besatzerwillkür"

История государства "Миф о миллионах изнасилованных немок"

Das Buch Alexander Häusser, Gordian Maugg: "Hungerwinter: Deutschlands humanitäre Katastrophe 1946/47"

Heinz Schilling: "Jahresberichte für deutsche Geschichte: Neue Folge. 60. Jahrgang 2008"

Jan M. Piskorski "WYGNAŃCY: Migracje przymusowe i uchodźcy w dwudziestowiecznej Europie"

Wayne State "The Cultural Memory Of German Victimhood In Post-1990 Popular German Literature And Television"

Deutschlandradio "Heimat ist dort, wo kein Hass ist"

Journal of Cold War Studies "Wladimir Gelfand, Deutschland-Tagebuch 1945–1946: Aufzeichnungen eines Rotarmisten"

ЛЕХАИМ "Евреи на войне. Солдатские дневники"

Частный Корреспондент "Победа благодаря и вопреки"

Перспективы "Сексуальное насилие в годы Второй мировой войны: память, дискурс, орудие политики"

Радиостанция Эхо Москвы & RTVi "Не так" с Олегом Будницким: Великая Отечественная - солдатские дневники"

Books Llc "Person im Zweiten Weltkrieg /Sowjetunion/ Georgi Konstantinowitsch Schukow, Wladimir Gelfand, Pawel Alexejewitsch Rotmistrow"

Das Buch von Jan Musekamp: "Zwischen Stettin und Szczecin - Metamorphosen einer Stadt von 1945 bis 2005"

Encyclopedia of safety "Ladies liberated Europe in the eyes of Russian soldiers and officers (1944-1945 gg.)"

Азовские греки "Павел Тасиц"

Newsland "СМЯТЕНИЕ ГРОЗНОЙ ОСЕНИ 1941 ГОДА"

Wallstein "Demokratie im Schatten der Gewalt: Geschichten des Privaten im deutschen Nachkrieg"

Вестник РГГУ "Болезненная тема второй мировой войны: сексуальное насилие по обе стороны фронта"

Das Buch von Jürgen W. Schmidt: "Als die Heimat zur Fremde wurde"

ЛЕХАИМ "Евреи на войне: от советского к еврейскому?"

Gedenkstätte/ Museum Seelower Höhen "Die Schlacht"

The book of Frederick Taylor "Exorcising Hitler: The Occupation and Denazification of Germany"

Огонёк "10 дневников одной войны"

The book of Michael Jones "Total War: From Stalingrad to Berlin"

Das Buch von Frederick Taylor "Zwischen Krieg und Frieden: Die Besetzung und Entnazifizierung Deutschlands 1944-1946"

WordPress.com "Wie sind wir Westler alt und überklug - und sind jetzt doch Schmutz unter ihren Stiefeln"

Олег Будницкий: "Архив еврейской истории" Том 6. "Дневники"

Åke Sandin "Är krigets våldtäkter en myt?"

Michael Jones: "El trasfondo humano de la guerra: con el ejército soviético de Stalingrado a Berlín"

Das Buch von Jörg Baberowski: "Verbrannte Erde: Stalins Herrschaft der Gewalt"

Zeitschrift fur Geschichtswissenschaft "Gewalt im Militar. Die Rote Armee im Zweiten Weltkrieg"

Ersatz-[E-bok] "Tysk dagbok 1945-46"

The book of Michael David-Fox, Peter Holquist, Alexander M. Martin: "Fascination and Enmity: Russia and Germany as Entangled Histories, 1914-1945"

Елена Сенявская "Женщины освобождённой Европы глазами советских солдат и офицеров (1944-1945 гг.)"

The book of Raphaelle Branche, Fabrice Virgili: "Rape in Wartime (Genders and Sexualities in History)"

(סקירה צבאית נשים של אירופה המשוחררת דרך עיניהם של חיילים וקצינים סובייטים (1944-1945

БезФорматаРу "Хоть бы скорей газетку прочесть"

ВЕСТНИК "Проблемы реадаптации студентов-фронтовиков к учебному процессу после Великой Отечественной войны"

Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft 60 (2012), 12

Все лечится "10 миллионов изнасилованных немок"

Симха "Еврейский Марк Твен. Так называли Шолома Рабиновича, известного как Шолом-Алейхем"

Nicolas Bernard "La Guerre germano-soviétique: 1941-1945 (Histoires d'aujourd'hui) E-Book"

Annales "La perte, le don, le butin. Civilisation stalinienne, aide étrangère et biens trophées dans l’Union soviétique des années 1940"

Das Buch von Beata Halicka "Polens Wilder Westen. Erzwungene Migration und die kulturelle Aneignung des Oderraums 1945 - 1948"

Das Buch von Jan M. Piskorski "Die Verjagten: Flucht und Vertreibung im Europa des 20. Jahrhundert"

"آسو "دشمن هرگز در نمی‌زن

Уроки истории. ХХ век. Гефтер. "Антисемитизм в СССР во время Второй мировой войны в контексте холокоста"

Ella Janatovsky "The Crystallization of National Identity in Times of War: The Experience of a Soviet Jewish Soldier"

Word War II Multimedia Database "Borgward Panzerjager At The Reichstag"

Militaergeschichtliche Zeitschrift "Buchbesprechungen"

Всеукраинский еженедельник Украина-Центр "Рукописи не горят"

Ljudbok / Bok / eBok: Niclas Sennerteg "Nionde arméns undergång: Kampen om Berlin 1945"

Das Buch von Michaela Kipp: "Großreinemachen im Osten: Feindbilder in deutschen Feldpostbriefen im Zweiten Weltkrieg"

Петербургская газета "Женщины на службе в Третьем Рейхе"

Володимир Поліщук "Зроблено в Єлисаветграді"

Германо-российский музей Берлин-Карлсхорст. Каталог постоянной экспозиции/Katalog zur Dauerausstellung

Clarissa Schnabel "The life and times of Marta Dietschy-Hillers"

Alliance for Human Research Protection "Breaking the Silence about sexual violence against women during the Holocaust"

Еврейский музей и центр толерантности. Группа по работе с архивными документами

Эхо Москвы "ЦЕНА ПОБЕДЫ: Военный дневник лейтенанта Владимира Гельфанда"

Bok / eBok: Anders Bergman & Emelie Perland "365 dagar: Utdrag ur kända och okända dagböcker"

РИА Новости "Освободители Германии"

Das Buch von Miriam Gebhardt "Als die Soldaten kamen: Die Vergewaltigung deutscher Frauen am Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs"

Petra Tabarelli "Vladimir Gelfand"

Das Buch von Martin Stein "Die sowjetische Kriegspropaganda 1941 - 1945 in Ego-Dokumenten"

Książka Beata Halicka "Polski Dziki Zachód. Przymusowe migracje i kulturowe oswajanie Nadodrza 1945-1948"

The German Quarterly "Philomela’s Legacy: Rape, the Second World War, and the Ethics of Reading"

MAZ LOKAL "Archäologische Spuren der Roten Armee in Brandenburg"

Tenona "Как фашисты издевались над детьми в концлагере Саласпилс. Чудовищные исторические факты о концлагерях"

Deutsches Historisches Museum "1945 – Niederlage. Befreiung. Neuanfang. Zwölf Länder Europas nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg"

День за днем "Дневник лейтенанта Гельфанда"

BBC News "The rape of Berlin"/BBC Mundo/BBC O`zbek/BBC Brasil/BBC فارْسِى

Echo24.cz "Z deníku rudoarmějce: Probodneme je skrz genitálie"

The Telegraph "The truth behind The Rape of Berlin"

BBC World Service "The Rape of Berlin"

ParlamentniListy.cz "Mrzačení, znásilňování, to všechno jsme dělali. Český server připomíná drsné paměti sovětského vojáka"

WordPress.com "Termina a Batalha de Berlim"

Dnevnik.hr "Podignula je suknju i kazala mi: 'Spavaj sa mnom. Čini što želiš! Ali samo ti"

ilPOST "Gli stupri in Germania, 70 anni fa"

上海东方报业有限公司 70年前苏军强奸了十万柏林妇女？很多人仍在寻找真相

연합뉴스 "BBC: 러시아군, 2차대전때 독일에서 대규모 강간"

세계일보 "러시아군, 2차대전때 독일에서 대규모 강간"

Telegraf "SPOMENIK RUSKOM SILOVATELJU: Nemci bi da preimenuju istorijsko zdanje u Berlinu?"

Múlt-kor "A berlini asszonyok küzdelme a szovjet erőszaktevők ellen"

Noticiasbit.com "El drama oculto de las violaciones masivas durante la caída de Berlín"

Museumsportal Berlin "Landsberger Allee 563, 21. April 1945"

Caldeirão Político "70 anos após fim da guerra, estupro coletivo de alemãs ainda é episódio pouco conhecido"

Nuestras Charlas Nocturnas "70 aniversario del fin de la II Guerra Mundial: del horror nazi al terror rojo en Alemania"

W Radio "El drama oculto de las violaciones masivas durante la caída de Berlín"

La Tercera "BBC: El drama oculto de las violaciones masivas durante la caída de Berlín"

Noticias de Paraguay "El drama de las alemanas violadas por tropas soviéticas hacia el final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial"

Cnn Hit New "The drama hidden mass rape during the fall of Berlin"

Dân Luận "Trần Lê - Hồng quân, nỗi kinh hoàng của phụ nữ Berlin 1945"

Český rozhlas "Temná stránka sovětského vítězství: znásilňování Němek"

Historia "Cerita Kelam Perempuan Jerman Setelah Nazi Kalah Perang"

G'Le Monde "Nỗi kinh hoàng của phụ nữ Berlin năm 1945 mang tên Hồng Quân"

BBC News 코리아 "베를린에서 벌어진 대규모 강간"

Эхо Москвы "Дилетанты. Красная армия в Европе"

Der Freitag "Eine Schnappschussidee"

باز آفريني واقعيت ها "تجاوز در برلین"

Quadriculado "O Fim da Guerra e o início do Pesadelo. Duas narrativas sobre o inferno"

Majano Gossip "PER NON DIMENTICARE... LE PORCHERIE COMUNISTE!"

非中国日报网 "柏林的强奸"

Constantin Film "Anonyma - Eine Frau in Berlin. Materialien zum Film"

Русская Германия "Я прижал бедную маму к своему сердцу и долго утешал"

De Gruyter Oldenbourg "Erinnerung an Diktatur und Krieg. Brennpunkte des kulturellen Gedächtnisses zwischen Russland und Deutschland seit 1945"

Memuarist.com "Гельфанд Владимир Натанович"

Πανεπιστημίου Ιωαννίνων "Οι νόμοι του Πλάτωνα για την υβριστική κακολογία και την κατάχρηση του δημοσίου"

The Book of Nicholas Stargardt "Der deutsche Krieg: 1939 - 1945"/Николас Старгардт "Мобилизованная нация. Германия 1939–1945"

FAKEOFF "Оглянуться в прошлое"

The book of Nicholas Stargardt "The German War: A Nation Under Arms, 1939–45"

The book of Nicholas Stargardt "The German War: A Nation Under Arms, 1939–45"

Книга "Владимир Гельфанд. Дневник 1941 - 1946"

BBC Русская служба "Изнасилование Берлина: неизвестная история войны"/BBC Україна "Зґвалтування Берліна: невідома історія війни"

Virtual Azərbaycan "Berlinin zorlanması"

Гефтер "Олег Будницкий: «Дневник, приятель дорогой!» Военный дневник Владимира Гельфанда"

Гефтер "Владимир Гельфанд. Дневник 1942 года"

BBC Tiếng Việt "Lính Liên Xô 'hãm hiếp phụ nữ Đức'"

Nicolas Bernard "La Guerre germano-soviétique, 1941-1943" Tome 1"

Nicolas Bernard "La Guerre germano-soviétique, 1943-1945" Tome 2

Эхо Москвы "ЦЕНА ПОБЕДЫ: Дневники лейтенанта Гельфанда"

Renato Furtado "Soviéticos estupraram 2 milhões de mulheres alemãs, durante a Guerra Mundial"

Вера Дубина "«Обыкновенная история» Второй мировой войны: дискурсы сексуального насилия над женщинами оккупированных территорий"

Еврейский музей и центр толерантности "Презентация книги Владимира Гельфанда «Дневник 1941-1946»"

Еврейский музей и центр толерантности "Евреи в Великой Отечественной войне"

Сидякин & Би-Би-Си. Драма в трех действиях. "Атака"

Сидякин & Би-Би-Си. Драма в трех действиях. "Бой"

Сидякин & Би-Би-Си. Драма в трех действиях. "Победа"

Сидякин & Би-Би-Си. Драма в трех действиях. Эпилог

Труд "Покорность и отвага: кто кого?"

Издательский Дом «Новый Взгляд» "Выставка подвига"

Katalog NT "Выставка "Евреи в Великой Отечественной войне " - собрание уникальных документов"

Вести "Выставка "Евреи в Великой Отечественной войне" - собрание уникальных документов"

Радио Свобода "Бесценный графоман"

Вечерняя Москва "Еще раз о войне"

РИА Новости "Выставка про евреев во время ВОВ открывается в Еврейском музее"

Телеканал «Культура» Выставка "Евреи в Великой Отечественной войне" проходит в Москве

Россия HD "Вести в 20.00"

GORSKIE "В Москве открылась выставка "Евреи в Великой Отечественной войне"

Aгентство еврейских новостей "Евреи – герои войны"

STMEGI TV "Открытие выставки "Евреи в Великой Отечественной войне"

Национальный исследовательский университет ВыUSAя школа экономики "Открытие выставки "Евреи в Великой Отечественной войне"

Независимая газета "Война Абрама"

Revista de Historia "El lado oscuro de la victoria aliada en la Segunda Guerra Mundial"

עיתון סינאתלה גביש הסמל ולדימיר גלפנד מספר על חיי היומיום במלחמה , על אורח חיים בחזית ובעורף

Лехаим "Война Абрама"

Elhallgatva "A front emlékezete. A Vörös Hadsereg kötelékében tömegesen és fiatalkorúakon elkövetett nemi erőszak kérdése a Dél-Vértesben"

Libertad USA "El drama de las alemanas: violadas por tropas soviéticas en 1945 y violadas por inmigrantes musulmanes en 2016"

НГ Ex Libris "Пять книг недели"

Брестский Курьер "Фамильное древо Бреста. На перекрестках тех дорог…"

Полит.Ру "ProScience: Олег Будницкий о народной истории войны"

Олена Проскура "Запiзнiла сповiдь"

Полит.Ру "ProScience: Возможна ли научная история Великой Отечественной войны?"

Книга "Владимир Гельфанд. Дневник 1941 - 1946"

Ahlul Bait Nabi Saw "Kisah Kelam Perempuan Jerman Setelah Nazi Kalah Perang"

北京北晚新视觉传媒有限公司 "70年前苏军强奸了十万柏林妇女？"

Преподавание истории в школе "«О том, что происходило…» Дневник Владимира Гельфанда"

Вестник НГПУ "О «НЕУБЕДИТЕЛЬНЕЙШЕЙ» ИЗ ПОМЕТ: (Высокая лексика в толковых словарях русского языка XX-XXI вв.)"

Fotografias da História "Memórias esquecidas: o estupro coletivo das mulheres alemãs"

Archäologisches Landesmuseum Brandenburg "Zwischen Krieg und Frieden"/"Между войной и миром"

Российская газета "Там, где кончается война"

Народный Корреспондент "Женщины освобождённой Европы глазами советских солдат: правда про "2 миллиона изнасилованых немок"

Fiona "Военные изнасилования — преступления против жизни и личности"

军情观察室 "苏军攻克柏林后暴行妇女遭殃，战争中的强奸现象为什么频发？"

Независимая газета "Дневник минометчика"

Независимая газета "ИСПОДЛОБЬЯ: Кризис концепции"

East European Jewish Affairs "Jewish response to the non-Jewish question: “Where were the Jews during the fighting?” 1941–5"

Niels Bo Poulsen "Skæbnekamp: Den tysk-sovjetiske krig 1941-1945"

Olhar Atual "A Esquerda a história e o estupro"

The book of Stefan-Ludwig Hoffmann, Sandrine Kott, Peter Romijn, Olivier Wieviorka "Seeking Peace in the Wake of War: Europe, 1943-1947"

Walter de Gruyter "Germans into Allies: Writing a Diary in 1945"

Blog in Berlin "22. Juni – da war doch was?"

Steemit "Berlin Rape: The Hidden History of War"

Estudo Prático "Crimes de estupro na Segunda Guerra Mundial e dentro do exército americano"

Громадське радіо "Насильство над жінками під час бойових дій — табу для України"

InfoRadio RBB "Geschichte in den Wäldern Brandenburgs"

"شگفتی های تاریخ است "پشت پرده تجاوز به زنان برلینی در پایان جنگ جهانی دوم

Das Buch Hans-Jürgen Beier gewidmet "Lehren – Sammeln – Publizieren"

The book of Miriam Gebhardt "Crimes Unspoken: The Rape of German Women at the End of the Second World War"

Русскийвестник "Искажение истории: «Изнасилованная Германия»"

凯迪 "推荐《柏林女人》与《五月四日》影片"

Vix "Estupro de guerra: o que acontece com mulheres em zonas de conflito, como Aleppo?"

Universidad del Bío-Bío "CRÍMENES DE GUERRA RUSOS EN LA SEGUNDA GUERRA MUNDIAL (1940-1945)"

"المنصة "العنف ضد المرأة.. المسكوت عنه في الحرب العالمية الثانية

Книга. Олег Шеин "От Астраханского кремля до Рейхсканцелярии. Боевой путь 248-й стрелковой дивизии"

Cambridge University Press "Of Loss and Loot: Stalin-Era Culture, Foreign Aid, and Trophy Goods in the Soviet Union during the 1940s"

Sodaz Ot "Освободительная миссия Красной Армии и кривое зеркало вражеской пропаганды"

Sodaz Ot "Советский воин — освободитель Европы: психология и поведение на завершающем этапе войны"

企业头条 "柏林战役后的女人"

Sántha István "A front emlékezete"

腾讯公司 "二战时期欧洲, 战胜国对战败国的十万妇女是怎么处理的!"

El Nuevo Accion "QUE LE PREGUNTEN A LAS ALEMANAS VIOLADAS POR RUSOS, NORTEAMERICANOS, INGLESES Y FRANCESES"

Periodismo Libre "QUE LE PREGUNTEN A LAS ALEMANAS VIOLADAS POR RUSOS, NORTEAMERICANOS, INGLESES Y FRANCESES"

DE Y.OBIDIN "Какими видели европейских женщин советские солдаты и офицеры (1944-1945 годы)?"

Magyar Tudományos Akadémia "Váltóállítás: Diktatúrák a vidéki Magyarországon 1945-ben"

歷史錄 "近1萬女性被強姦致死，女孩撩開裙子說：不下20個男人戳我這兒"

Cyberpedia "Проблема возмездия и «границы ненависти» у советского солдата-освободителя"

NewConcepts Society "Можно ли ставить знак равенства между зверствами гитлеровцев и зверствами советских солдат?"

搜狐 "二战时期欧洲，战胜国对战败国的妇女是怎么处理的"

Ranker "14 Shocking Atrocities Committed By 20th Century Communist Dictatorships"

Эхо Москвы "Дилетанты. Начало войны. Личные источники"

Журнал "Огонёк" "Эго прошедшей войны"

이창남 외 공저 "폭력과 소통 :트랜스내셔널한 정의를 위하여"

Уроки истории. XX век "Книжный дайджест «Уроков истории»: советский антисемитизм"

Свободная Пресса "Кто кого насиловал в Германии"

EPrints "Взаємовідносини червоноармійців з цивільним населенням під час перебування радянських військ на території Польщі (кінець 1944 - початок 1945 рр.)"

Pikabu "Обратная сторона медали"

Озёрск.Ru "Война и немцы"

Імекс-ЛТД "Історичний календар Кіровоградщини на 2018 рік. Люди. Події. Факти"

יד ושם - רשות הזיכרון לשואה ולגבורה "Vladimir Gelfand"

Atchuup! "Soviet soldiers openly sexually harass German woman in Leipzig after WWII victory, 1945"

Книга Мириам Гебхардт "Когда пришли солдаты. Изнасилование немецких женщин в конце Второй мировой войны"

Coffe Time "Женщины освобождённой"

Дилетант "Цена победы. Военный дневник лейтенанта Владимира Гельфанда"

Feldgrau.Info - Bоенная история "Подборка"

Вечерний Брест "В поисках утраченного времени. Солдат Победы Аркадий Бляхер. Часть 9. Нелюбовь"

Геннадий Красухин "Круглый год с литературой. Квартал четвёртый"

Аргументы недели "Всю правду знает только народ. Почему фронтовые дневники совсем не похожи на кино о войне"

Fanfics.me "Вспомним подвиги ветеранов!"

VietInfo "Hồng quân, Nỗi kinh hoàng của phụ nữ Berlin năm 1945"

Книга: Виталий Дымарский, Владимир Рыжков "Лица войны"

Birthe Kundrus "Dieser Krieg ist der große Rassenkrieg": Krieg und Holocaust in Europa

Dozor "Про День Перемоги в Кіровограді, фейкових ветеранів і "липове" примирення"

East European Jewish Affairs "Review of Dnevnik 1941-1946, by Vladimir Gel’fand"

The book of Harriet Murav, Gennady Estraikh "Soviet Jews in World War II: Fighting, Witnessing, Remembering"

TARINGA! "Las violaciones masivas durante la caída de Berlín"

ВолиньPost "Еротика та війна: спогади про Любомль 1944 року"

Anews "Молодые воспринимают войну в конфетном обличии"

RTVi "«Война эта будет дикая». Что писали 22 июня 1941 года в дневниках"

Tribun Manado "Nasib Kelam Perempuan Jerman Usai Nazi Kalah, Gadis Muda, Wanita Tua dan Hamil Diperkosa Bergantian"

The book of Elisabeth Krimmer "German Women's Life Writing and the Holocaust: Complicity and Gender in the Second World War"

ViewsBros "WARTIME VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN"

Xosé Manuel Núñez Seixas "El frente del Este : historia y memoria de la guerra germano-soviética, 1941-1945"

اخبار المقطم و الخليفه " إغتصاب برلين الكبير"

Русская семерка "В чьем плену хуже всего содержались женщины-военные на Второй мировой"

Nicholas Stargardt "La guerra tedesca. Una nazione sotto le armi 1939-1945"

Mail Online "Mass grave of 1,800 German soldiers killed at Stalingrad uncovered in Russia"

PT. Kompas Cyber Media "Kuburan Massal 1.800 Tentara Jerman Ditemukan di Kota Volgograd"

Công ty Cổ phần Quảng cáo Trực tuyến 24H "Nga: Sửa ống nước, phát hiện 1.800 hài cốt của trận đánh đẫm máu nhất lịch sử"

LGMI News "Pasang Pipa Air, Tukang Temukan Kuburan Masal 1.837 Tentara Jerman"

Quora "¿Cuál es un hecho sobre la Segunda Guerra Mundial que la mayoría de las personas no saben y probablemente no quieren saber?"

"مجله مهاجرت "آنچه روس‌ها در برلین انجام دادند!

Музейний простiр "Музей на Дніпрі отримав новорічні подарунки під ялинку"

Bella Gelfand. How in Berlin they killed the wife of the Red Armyman Vladimir Gelfand  

The book of Paul Roland "Life After the Third Reich: The Struggle to Rise from the Nazi Ruins"

O Sentinela "Dois Milhões de Alemãs: O Maior Estupro em Massa da História foi um Crime Aliado-Soviético"

Stratejik Güvenlik "SAVAŞ DOSYASI : TARİHTEN BİR KARE – 2. DÜNYA SAVAŞI BİTİMİNDE ALMANYA’DA KADINLARA TOPLU TECAVÜZLER"

Агентство новостей «Хакасия-Информ» "Кто остановит шоу Коновалова?"

Isralike.org "Цена победы. Военный дневник лейтенанта Владимира Гельфанда"

Robert Dale “For what and for whom were we fighting?”: Red Army Soldiers, Combat Motivation and Survival Strategies on the Eastern Front in the Second World War"

"طرفداری "پایان رویای نازیسم / سقوط امپراطوری آدولف هیتلر

Das Buch von Kerstin Bischl "Frontbeziehungen: Geschlechterverhältnisse und Gewaltdynamiken in der Roten Armee 1941-1945"

Русская семерка "Красноармейцы или солдаты союзников: кто вызывал у немок больший страх"

Kibalchish "Фрагменты дневников поэта-фронтовика В. Н. Гельфанда"

History Magazine "Sõjapäevik leitnant Vladimir Gelfand"

Magazine online "Vojnový denník poručíka Vladimíra Gelfanda"

theБабель "Український лейтенант Володимир Гельфанд пройшов Другу світову війну від Сталінграда до Берліна"

Znaj.UA "Жорстокі знущання та масові вбивства: злочини Другої світової показали в моторошних кадрах"

Gazeta.ua "Масові вбивства і зґвалтування: жорстокі злочини Другої світової війни у фотографіях"

PikTag "Знали вы о том, что советские солдаты ИЗНАСИЛОВАЛИ бессчетное число женщин по пути к Берлину?"

Kerstin Bischl "Sammelrezension: Alltagserfahrungen von Rotarmisten und ihr Verhältnis zum Staat"

Конт "Несколько слов о фронтовом дневнике"

Livejournal "Уникальный дневник солдата Сталина"

Sherstinka "Német megszállók és nők. Trófeák Németországból - mi volt és hogyan"

Олег Сдвижков "Красная Армия в Европе. По страницам дневника Захара Аграненко"

X-True.Info "«Русские варвары» и «цивилизованные англосаксы»: кто был более гуманным с немками в 1945 году"

Veröffentlichungen zur brandenburgischen Landesarchäologie "Zwischen Krieg und und Frieden: Waldlager der Roten Armee 1945"

Sherstinka "Szovjet lányok megerőszakolása a németek által a megszállás alatt. Német fogságba esett nők"

Dünya Haqqinda "Berlin zorlanmasi: İkinci Dünya Müharibəsi"

Dioxland "NEMŠKIM VOJAKOM JE BILO ŽAL RUSKIH ŽENSK. VSE KNJIGE SO O: "VOJAŠKIH SPOMINIH NEMŠKEGA..."

Actionvideo "Gewalt gegen deutsche Frauen durch Soldaten der Roten Armee im Zweiten Weltkrieg"

Maktime "Was machten die Nazis mit den gefangenen sowjetischen Mädchen? Wer hat deutsche Frauen vergewaltigt und wie sie im besetzten Deutschland gelebt haben"

Музей «Пам’ять єврейського народу та Голокост в Україні» отримав у дар унікальні експонати

Sherstinka "Что творили с пленными женщинами фашисты. Жестокие пытки женщин фашистами"

Bidinvest "Brutalitäten der Sowjetarmee - Über die Gräueltaten der sowjetischen "Befreier" in Europa. Was haben deutsche Soldaten mit russischen Frauen gemacht?"

Русский сборник XXVII "Советские потребительские практики в «маленьком СССР», 1945-1949"

Academic Studies Press. Oleg Budnitskii: "Jews at War: Diaries from the Front"

Gazeta Chojeńska "Wojna to straszna trauma, a nie fajna przygoda"

Historiadel.net "Crímenes de violación de la Segunda Guerra Mundial y el Ejército de EE. UU."

화요지식살롱 "2차세계대전 말, 소련에게 베를린을 점령당한 '독일 여자들'이 당한 치욕의 역사"

The Global Domain News "As the soldiers did to captured German women"

Quora "Você sabe de algum fato da Segunda Guerra Mundial que a maioria das pessoas não conhece e que, provavelmente, não querem saber?"

MOZ.de "Als der Krieg an die Oder kam – Flucht aus der Festung Frankfurt"

Музей "Пам'ять єврейського народу та Голокост в Україні". "1 березня 1923 р. – народився Володимир Гельфанд"

Wyborcza.pl "Ryk gwałconych kobiet idzie przez pokolenia. Mało kto się nim przejmuje"

Cноб "Женщина — военный трофей. Polish историк о изнасилованиях в Европе во время Второй мировой"

Refugo "O estupro da Alemanha"

Historia National Geographic "la batalla de berlín durante la segunda guerra mundial"

Politeka "Росіянам напередодні 9 травня нагадали про злочини в Німеччині: «Заплямували себе...»"

Акценты "Советский офицер раскрыл тайны Второй мировой: рассказал без прикрас"

БелПресса "Цена Победы. Какой была военная экономика"

Lucidez "75 años de la rendición nazi: Los matices del “heroísmo” soviético"

UM CANCERIANO SEM LAR "8 de Maio de 1945"

Lasteles.com "La Caída de la Alemania Nazi: aniversario de la rendición de Berlin"

Cloud Mind "Violence Against Women: The Rape Of Berlin WW2"

Музей "Пам'ять єврейського народу та Голокост в Україні" "8 ТРАВНЯ – ДЕНЬ ПАМ’ЯТІ І ПРИМИРЕННЯ"

Lunaturaoficial "LIBROS QUE NO HICIERON HISTORIA: EL DIARIO DE LOS HORRORES"

CUERVOPRESS "El drama oculto de las violaciones masivas durante la caída de Berlín"

EU Today "The Rape of Berlin: Red Army atrocities in 1945"

Издательство Яндекс + История будущего "Настоящий 1945"

Вне строк "Похищение Берлина: зверства Красной армии в 1945 году"

Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung "Erlebt Russland eine neue Archivrevolution?"

The book of Beata Halicka "The Polish Wild West: Forced Migration and Cultural Appropriation in the Polish-german Borderlands, 1945-1948"

Twentieth-Century Literature “A World of Tomorrow”: Trauma, Urbicide, and Documentation in A Woman in Berlin: Eight Weeks in the Conquered City

Märkische Onlinezeitung "Sowjetische Spuren in Brandenburgs Wäldern"

Revue Belge de Philologie et d’Histoire "Soviet Diaries of the Great Patriotic War"

Der Spiegel "Rotarmisten und deutsche Frauen: "Ich gehe nur mit anständigen Russen"

ReadSector "Mass grave of WWII Nazi paratroopers found in Poland contains 18 skeletons and tools with swastikas"

ИноСМИ "Der Spiegel (Германия): «Я гуляю только с порядочными русскими»"

Actionvideo "Jak naziści szydzili z rosyjskich kobiet. Gwałt w Berlinie: nieznana historia wojny"

Вера Дубина "Сексуальное насилие в памяти о Второй мировой войне"

Graf Orlov 33 "ДНЕВНИК В. ГЕЛЬФАНДА советского офицера РККА"

Deutsche Welle "Послевоенная Германия в дневниках и фотографиях"

Deutsche Welle "За что немки любили в 1945 году лейтенанта Красной армии?"

Elke Scherstjanoi "Sieger leben in Deutschland: Fragmente einer ungeübten Rückschau. Zum Alltag sowjetischer Besatzer in Ostdeutschland 1945-1949"

SHR32 "Rus əsgərləri alman qadınlarına necə istehza etdilər. Alman qadınlarını kim zorlayıb və onlar işğal olunmuş Almaniyada necə yaşayıblar"

Детектор медіа "«Гра тіней»: є сенс продовжувати далі"

Historia provinciae "Повседневная жизнь победителей в советской зоне оккупации Германии в воспоминаниях участников событий"

Portal de Prefeitura "Artigo: “FRAU, KOMM!” O maior estupro coletivo da história"

Pikabu "Извращение или традиция, потерявшая смысл?"

Русская Семерка "Владимир Гельфанд: от каких слов отказался «отец» мифа об изнасиловании немок советскими солдатами"

Институт российской истории РАН "Вторая мировая и Великая Отечественная: к 75-летию окончания"

Kozak UA "Як "діди" німкень паплюжили в 1945 році"

Dandm "Cómo los nazis se burlaron de las mujeres rusas. Mujeres rusas violadas y asesinadas por los alemanes"

Permnew.Ru "«Диван» Федора Вострикова. Литобъединение"

Neurologystatus "Violence women in the Second World War. Shoot vagas: why soldiers rape women"

Brunilda Ternova "Mass rapes by Soviet troops in Germany at the end of World War II"

The book Stewart Binns "Barbarossa: And the Bloodiest War in History"

Reddit "Did the Soviet Army really raped 2 million women during WW2? Are the numbers correct?"

Книга. Новое литературное обозрение: Будницкий Олег "Люди на войне"

Леонід Мацієвський "9 травня – День перемоги над здоровим глуздом. Про згвалтовану Європу та Берлін"

Полит.Ру "Люди на войне"

#CОЦИАЛЬНАЯ ИСТОРИЯ #ПАМЯТЬ "Владимир Гельфанд: месяц в послевоенном Берлине"

Новое литературное обозрение "Ирина Прохорова, Олег Будницкий, Иван Толстой: Люди на войне"

JoyReactor "Зверства советских солдат во время Великой Отечественной войны"

Georgetown University "Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History": "Emotions and Psychological Survival in the Red Army, 1941–42"

Forum24 "Co se dělo se zajatými rudoarmějkami? Jaký byl osud zajatých žen z Wehrmachtu?"

Quora, Inc. "Which was the cruelest army in WW2 and WW1?"

Радио Свобода "Война и народная память"

Лехаим "Двадцать второго июня…"

Русская семёрка "Как изменилось отношение немок к красноармейцам в 1945 году"

Исторический курьер "Героизм, герои и награды: «героическая сторона» Великой Отечественной войны в воспоминаниях современников"

Коммерсантъ "Фронт и афронты"

Русская семёрка "Владимир Гельфанд: что не так в дневниках автора мифа об «изнасилованной» Германии"

Medium "The Brutal Rapes of Every German Female from Eight to Eighty"

Neurologystatus "Violence women in the Second World War. Shoot vagas: why soldiers rape women"

"نیمرخ "نقش زنان در جنگها - قسمت اول: زنان به مثابه قربانی جنگ

Bolcheknig "Що німці робили з жінками. Уривок з щоденника дівчини, яку німці використовували як безкоштовну робочу силу. Життя в таборі"

Nrgaudit "Рассказы немецких солдат о войне с русскими. Мнения немцев о русских солдатах во время Второй мировой войны"

Музей "Пам'ять єврейського народу та Голокост в Україні "На звороті знайомого фото"

Новое литературное обозрение. Книга: Козлов, Козлова "«Маленький СССР» и его обитатели. Очерки социальной истории советского оккупационного сообщества"

Sattarov "Mga babaeng sundalo sa pagkabihag ng Aleman. Kabanata limang mula sa librong "Pagkabihag. Ito ang ginawa ng mga Nazi sa mga nahuling kababaihan ng Soviet"

Política Obrera "Sobre “José Pablo Feinmann y la violación en manada"

Эхо Москвы "Цена победы. Люди на войне"

SHR32 "How Russian soldiers mocked German women. Trophies from Germany - what it was and how. Who raped German women and how they lived in occupied Germany"

Олег Сдвижков: "«Советских порядков не вводить!» Красная армия в Европе 1944—1945 гг."

Livejournal "Чья бы мычала"

Newton Compton Editori. Stewart Binns "Operazione Barbarossa. Come Hitler ha perso la Seconda guerra mondiale"

Kingvape "Rosa Kuleshovs Belichtung. Rosa Kuleshov ist die mysteriöseste Hellseherin der Sowjetzeit. Zwischen rot und grün"

Kfdvgtu الجوائز من ألمانيا - ما كان عليه وكيف. الذين اغتصبوا الألمانية وكيف عاش في ألمانيا المحتلة

nc1 "Αναμνήσεις στρατιωτών πρώτης γραμμής για Γερμανίδες. Οι απόψεις των Γερμανών για τους Ρώσους στρατιώτες κατά τον Β' Παγκόσμιο Πόλεμο"

ik-ptz "Was haben deutsche Soldaten mit russischen Mädchen gemacht? Das haben die Nazis mit gefangenen sowjetischen Frauen gemacht"

مراجعة عسكرية نساء أوروبا المحررات من خلال عيون الجنود والضباط السوفيت (1944-1945)

nc1 "Scrisori de soldați ruși despre germani. Cum au șocat femeile sovietice pe ocupanții germani"

中新健康娱乐网 "柏林战役德国女人 70年前苏军强奸了十万柏林妇女？"

"پورتال برای دانش آموز. خودآموزی، "نازی ها با زنان اسیر چه کردند؟ نحوه آزار نازی ها از کودکان در اردوگاه کار اجباری سالاسپیلس

Русская Семерка "Каких штрафников в Красной Армии называли «эсэсовцами»"

Голос Народу "Саша Корпанюк: Кто и кого изнасиловал в Германии?"

Gorskie "Новые источники по истории Второй мировой войны: дневники"

TransQafqaz.com Fedai.az Araşdırma Qrupu

Ik-ptz "What did the Nazis do with the captured women. How the Nazis abused children in the Salaspils concentration camp"

Евгений Матонин "22 июня 1941 года. День, когда обрушился мир"

Ulisse Online "Per non dimenticare: orrori contro i bambini"

Наука. Общество. Оборона "«Изнасилованная Германия»: из истории современных ментальных войн"

Quora "Por que muitos soldados estupram mulheres durante guerras?"

Stefan Creuzberger "Das deutsch-russische Jahrhundert: Geschichte einer besonderen Beziehung"

პორტალი სტუდენტისთვის "როგორ დასცინოდნენ რუსი ჯარისკაცები გერმანელებს"

Зеркало "Где и когда русское воинство ЧЕСТЬ потеряло?"

EU Political Report "Russia is a Country of Marauders and Murderers"

Mai Khôi Info "Lính Liên Xô 'hãm hiếp phụ nữ Đức'"

EU Political Report "Russia is a Country of Marauders and Murderers"

"بالاترین "روایت ستوان روس «ولادیمیر گلفاند» از «تجاوز جنسی» وحشیانه‌ی ارتش سرخ شوروی به «زنان آلمانی»/عکس

CyberLeninka "Повседневная жизнь победителей в советской зоне оккупации Германии в воспоминаниях участников событий"

TCH "Можемо повторити": як радянські солдати по-звірячому і безкарно ґвалтували німецьких жінок

인사이트 "2차 세계 대전 때에도 독일 점령한 뒤 여성 200만명 성폭행했던 러시아군"

Robert Lansing Institute "War crimes to reflect the essence of Russians"

Pravda.Ru "Fake news about fake rapes in Ukraine to ruin Russian solder's image"

Alexey Tikhomirov "The Stalin Cult in East Germany and the Making of the Postwar Soviet Empire, 1945-1961"

Дилетант "Олег Будницкий / Человек на фоне эпох / Книжное казино. Истории"

The Sault Star "OPINION: Suffering of children an especially ugly element of war"

El Español "Por qué la Brutalidad del Ejército Ruso se Parece más a una Novela de Stephen King que de Orwell"

Ratnik.tv "Одесса. Еврейский вопрос. Дорогами смерти"

Алексей Митрофанов "Коммунальная квартира"

Militaergeschichtliche Zeitschrift "Evakuierungs‑ und Kriegsschauplatz Mark Brandenburg"

Raovatmaytinh "Phim cấp 3 tội ác tra tấn tình dục và hiếp dâm của phát xít đức phần 1"

Apollo.lv "Kā Otrais pasaules karš noslēdzās ar PSRS armijas veiktu masveida izvarošanas kampaņu Vācijā"

Как ў Беларусі "Who raped whom in Germany" / "Кто кого насиловал в Германии"

Konkretyka "Діди-ґвалтівники, або міф про «воїнів-освободітєлєй»"

LinkedIn "Grandfathers-rapists, or the myth of "warriors-liberators"​. Typical Russian imperial character"

Danielleranucci "Lit in the Time of War: Gelfand, Márquez, and Ung"

Смоленская газета "Истинная правда и её фальшивые интерпретации"

Дзен "Я влюбился в портрет Богоматери..." Из фронтовых дневников лейтенанта Владимира Гельфанда

Дзен "Праздник Победы отчасти горек для меня..." Зарубежные впечатления офицера Красной армии Гельфанда

UkrLineInfo "Жiноча смикалка: способи самозахисту від сексуального насилля в роки Другої світової війни"

Memo Club. Владимир Червинский: "Одесские истории без хэппи энда"

Thomas Kersting, Christoph Meißner, Elke Scherstjanoi "Die Waldlager der Roten Armee 1945/46: Archäologie und Geschichte"

Jean Lopez, Lasha Otkhmezuri "Barbarossa - 1941: La guerre absolue"

Дилетант "Дневники военного времени"

Goldenfront "Самосуд над полицаями в Одессе в 1944 году: что это было"

Gedenkstätten Buchenwald "Nach dem Krieg. Spuren der sowjetischen Besatzungszeit in Weimar 1945-50: Ein Stadtrundgang"

Historia National Geographic "la segunda guerra mundial al completo, historia del conflicto que cambió el mundo"

સ્વર્ગારોહણ "કેવી રીતે રશિયન સૈનિકોએ જર્મન લોકોની મજાક ઉડાવી"

Absorbwell "Causas Y Consecuencias De La Segunda Guerra Mundial Resumen"

לחימה יהודית א. יהודים בצבא האדום

Український світ "«Можем повторіть» — про звірства російських солдат під час Другої світової війни"

Oleg Budnitskii, David Engel, Gennady Estraikh, Anna Shternshis: "Jews in the Soviet Union: A History: War, Conquest, and Catastrophe, 1939–1945"

Andrii Portnov "Dnipro: An Entangled History of a European City"

Татьяна Шишкова "Внеждановщина. Советская послевоенная политика в области культуры как диалог с воображаемым Западом"

The Chilean "Roto". "VIOLADA"

Дзен "Немок сажайте на мохнатые мотороллеры". Что сделали с пленными немками в Советском Союзе"

ProNews "Σιλεσία 1945: Με εθνοκάθαρση η πρώτη τιμωρία των Γερμανών για τα εγκλήματα τους στο Β΄ ΠΠ"

Livejournal "Одесситы - единственные в СССР - устроили самосуд в 1944 году"

Scribd "Estupro em Massa de Alemãs"

Музей «Пам’ять єврейського народу та Голокост в Україні» ЦЬОГО ДНЯ – 100-РІЧЧЯ ВІД ДНЯ НАРОДЖЕННЯ ВОЛОДИМИРА ГЕЛЬФАНДА

Davidzon Radio "Владимир Гельфанд. Шокирующий дневник войны". Валерия Коренная в программе "Крылья с чердака"

Імекс ЛТД "Історичний календар Кіровоградщини 2023 рік. Люди. Події. Факти"

Quora "Open to the weather, lacking even primitive sanitary facilities, underfed, the prisoners soon began dying of starvation and disease"

Infobae "El calvario de las mujeres tras la caída de Berlín: violaciones masivas del Ejército Rojo y ola de suicidios"

Научная электронная библиотека "Военные и блокадные дневники в издательском репертуаре современной России (1941–1945)"

Historywithatwist "How Russia has used rape as a weapon of war"

Інститут історії України "Романтичні стосунки дівчат і жінок із солдатами ворожих армій у роки німецько-радянської війни"

Я "Масові зґвалтування радянськими військовими німецьких жінок в Берліні під час Другої світової війни"

Periodista Digital "Las terribles violaciones ocultas tras la caída de Berlín"

Tạp chí Nước Đức "Hồng quân Liên Xô, nỗi kinh hoàng của phụ nữ Berlin năm 1945"

"زیتون | سایت خبری‌ تحلیلی زیتون "بدن زن؛ سرزمینی که باید فتح شود!

Enciclopedia Kiddle Español "Evacuación de Prusia Oriental para niños"

Ukraine History "Діди-ґвалтівники, або міф про «воїнів-визволителів». Типовий російський імперський характер"

LWL Landesmuseum Herne "Sterne im Wald - Soldaten der Roten Armee zwischen Krieg und Frieden 1945"

Локальна Історiя "Жаске дежавю: досвід зустрічі з "визволителями"

Tamás Kende "Class War or Race War The Inner Fronts of Soviet Society during and after the Second World War"

museum-digital berlin "Vladimir Natanovič Gel'fand"

니콜라스 스타가르트 저 "독일인의 전쟁 1939-1945"

知乎 "苏联红军在二战中的邪恶暴行"

Вестник Омского Университета "ВЕЛИКАЯ ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННАЯ ВОЙНА В ЧЕЛОВЕЧЕСКОМ ИЗМЕРЕНИИ"

Mast.al "Silesia 1945: Spastrimin Etnik, Dënimi i Parë i Gjermanëve për Krimet e Tyre në L2B"

Quora "History of World War 2 and its aftermath"

Засновано на реальних подіях: "Ґвалтували КОЖНУ від 8 до 80..!" - свідчення "подвигів" червоноармійців у Німеччині, Польщі та СРСР

Teletype "И три дня на разграбление…"

Еврейский музей и центр толерантности "По следам дневников Гельфанда"

Jornal de Psicanálise "Homens homenageados usurpam os corpos de mulheres violadas, e a guerra não tem rosto de mulher: apenas corpos"

Brandenburgikon "Waldlager der Roten Armee"

Bertrada.uno "Apa yang Terjadi pada Mayat-mayat di Pertempuran Berlin?" /Grunge "What Happened To The Bodies At The Battle Of Berlin?"

Сноб Медиа «Истоки советской фотографии» в Еврейском музее

Das Buch von Volker Heise "1945"

Regioactive "Anonyma (i. e. Marta Hillers) und Wladimir N. Gelfand. Doppelporträts und exemplarische Texte"

United24 Media "Sexual Violence as a Tool Of Russian Warfare, From World War II to Today in Ukraine"

Музей "Пам'ять єврейського народу та Голокост в Україні": "Мрія бути письменником"

Еврейская община Днепра "Єврейський Музей уперше опублікував уривки зі знаменитого щоденника Володимира Гельфанда"

"خبرفوری "رازهای مگوی جنگ جهانی دوم؛ ماجرای تجاوز ارتش سرخ شوروی به زنان آلمانی چه بود؟ / از سربازان پیر تا همسایگان خاموش

Medium "80 Years After World War II: Love and Hatred in the Ruins — Vladimir Gelfand’s Diaries as a Mirror of Soviet Memory"

Hit Radio FFH "Was bisher geschah. Kriegsende 1945. Hitlers letzte Offensive"

Jewish "В Еврейском музее откроется выставка в честь 80-летия Победы"

Museum Berlin-Karlshorst "LA CAPITULATION ALLEMANDE DE MAI 1945" /"KAPITULACJA NIEMIECKA W MAJU 1945 R."

Das Buch von Will und Roswitha Quadflieg »Ich will lieber schweigen«: Das Tagebuch eines Schauspielers aus den Jahren 1945/46 und die Fragen seiner Tochter

Storica National Geographic "La Seconda Guerra Mondiale nella sua interezza: storia di un conflitto che ha cambiato il mondo"

Deutsche Welle "2 de maio de 1945: a queda da Berlim nazista"

Museum Berlin-Karlshorst "DIE DEUTSCHE KAPITULATION IM MAI 1945"

Ukraine History "Діди-ґвалтівники, або міф про «воїнів-визволителів». Типовий російський імперський характер"

Copernico "Völkerwanderung. Der Schauplatz Reetz (Neumark) 1945"

Museum Berlin-Karlshorst "КАПІТУЛЯЦІЯ НІМЕЧЧИНИ У ТРАВНІ 1945 РОКУ" /"THE GERMAN SURRENDER IN MAY 1945"

lenta.ru «Улыбаясь и плача, обнимаются и целуются все подряд» Великая Победа в воспоминаниях очевидцев. Как мир встретил 9 мая 1945 года?

Here "Echoes from the Abyss: A Monologue on War's Hidden Wounds"

Дзен "Что сделали красноармейцы с пленной немецкой девушкой"

Leonardo Historia "SAQUEO DE BERLIN - SEGUNDA GUERRA MUNDIAL"

PressReader: Muy Historia "VIOLACIONES MASIVAS DE BERLINESAS"

Weekend "Не забыть никогда"

SAGA Egmont "Berlins fall"

Das Buch von Rüdiger Barth, Hauke Friederichs "Deutschland 1946: Das Wunder beginnt"

В пламени историй "Что делали красноармейцы с пленными немецкими девушками? Вся правда о «миллионах жертв» немок!"

Lark " 从柏林到布查：弗拉基米尔·盖尔芬德的日记与重复的暴力之镜。"

Jean Lopez , Lasha Otkhmezuri "Operațiunea Barbarossa. Frontul de Est, 1941. Războiul total"

Historical Frontlines "A Soviet Soldier's First Sight of Germany: What They Found"

e-noticies "La victòria i la misèria: el front oriental a través dels ulls de Vladímir Gelfand"

Новоархангельський краєзнавчий музей "Володимир Натанович Гельфанд"

Alexander Wallasch: Melnyk am sowjetischen Ehrenmal in Berlin: „Die Ukrainer haben Berlin befreit“

Instagram "Vladimir Gelfand, un ukrainien à Berlin"