How Russian Soldiers Treated the German Population During the Occupation

 

In contemporary Russian journalism and public discourse, controversial statements periodically emerge concerning the scale of sexual violence committed by Soviet troops in Germany at the end of the Second World War. Thus, Russian writer Tatiana Tolstaya, the mother of a well-known blogger, suggested in a critical remark that mass rape of German women might have led to significant demographic changes in Germany, effectively making its population partly Russian.

For a fuller understanding of this phenomenon, however, it is necessary to turn to the testimony of direct witnesses. In particular, the memoirs of Soviet veteran Leonid Rabichev, published in the book The War Will Write Everything Off, are a valuable source for studying wartime violence and the character of these crimes.

Rabichev describes scenes of mass sexual violence accompanied by mass killings and abuse of civilians. He stresses what he regarded as the systematic and widespread character of these acts, in which, according to his account, virtually all Soviet units took part without exception, while the command knowingly facilitated such practices by failing to intervene.

Rabichev’s descriptions emphasise the impunity of the perpetrators and the absence of accountability, producing a level of brutality that went beyond the boundaries of military law and morality. Participants, driven by collective frenzy and a sense that anything was permitted, committed violence including rape of minors and elderly women, often in front of witnesses—children and old people—who themselves could not escape death.

This testimony points to the complex social, psychological and military conditions that can generate mass crimes and systematic violations of human rights during war. It also sheds light on the breakdown of moral norms in extreme circumstances and raises questions about traditional ideas of heroism and liberation in wartime.

Studying sources of this kind is important for broadening historical understanding of the Second World War and for analysing the long-term consequences of war crimes for social memory and interethnic relations.

We Are in Europe, We Are in Europe!

I dreamed a dream in which two sixteen-year-old German girls entered through an open door. There was no fear in their eyes, only deep anxiety. Seeing me, they approached, interrupting one another as they tried to explain themselves in German. Although I did not know the language, I caught the words “muttering,” “waiter,” “Bruder.” It became clear that they had lost their family in the crush. I felt terribly sorry for them and realised that they had to run wherever they could, across the headquarters yard. I told them: “Pea, thicker, Bruder—nicht!” and pointed to another, distant door through which they should leave, pushing them toward it.

They understood me, quickly left and disappeared from sight. I breathed a sigh of relief—at least I had saved two. Going up to the second floor to the telephone, I watched what was happening closely. Twenty minutes later, screams, crying, laughter and swearing could be heard from the yard.

I ran to the window and saw Major A. standing on the steps of the house, with two sergeants twisting arms. The same two girls who had been saved had become victims of brutal violence. The major gave orders: “Hold the girls’ arms and legs, take off their skirts and blouses! Form two ranks! Fasten your belts, pull down your trousers and underwear! Right, left—one at a time, begin!”

The orders were carried out; my platoon, signallers and other headquarters personnel formed lines. The rescued girls lay on the stone slabs, their hands tied, their mouths covered with scarves, their legs spread apart. They could no longer break free and tore at their clothes in desperate attempts to escape.

Laughter and coarse abuse came from the house. The lines of rapists did not grow shorter; some men stood over the girls, others collapsed, and pools of blood formed around the victims. The girls lost consciousness, but the violence continued. Major A. stood proudly with his hands on his hips giving orders, while the executioner-sergeant attacked the motionless bodies.

Later their mutilated bodies were dragged to a pigsty, where starving pigs tore off ears, noses and breasts. Within minutes, only skulls and bones remained of the girls.

I was overwhelmed by fear and disgust, felt nauseous and nearly vomited. I could not stay where I was; I ran out of the house, trying to make sense of what was happening. In front of me were the bloodshot eyes of a pig; among the straw and manure lay two skulls, a jaw, several vertebrae and two gold crosses—the remains of the very girls I had tried to save.

The city commandant, a colonel, tried to organise protection, but half-drunk soldiers continued forcibly dragging women and girls out of apartments. In the critical situation the commandant ordered a communications officer to organise an armed guard at the church in order to protect captive women from the outbreak of violence.

Soon around 250 women and girls were brought to the church, but roughly forty minutes later tanks arrived. The tank crews pushed the guards aside, broke into the church and began committing violence.

I was powerless. One young German woman sought protection from me; another fell to her knees and cried: “Lieutenant, lieutenant!”

Hope for rescue surrounded me on all sides. Everyone was saying something different. News quickly spread through the city, a queue formed, the cursed clucking began again, another queue appeared, and my soldiers stood tense.

“Back! Get the hell back!” I shouted, not knowing what to do with myself or how to save the people lying at my feet as the tragedy rapidly escalated. The groans of dying women could be heard. Then the bloodied, half-naked and unconscious women were dragged up the stairs, carried to the landing and thrown through broken windows onto the stone pavement. They were seized, stripped and killed. No one remained around me. Neither I nor my soldiers had ever seen anything like it.

A strange time. The tank crews left, and silence and night came. Before us lay a horrific pile of bodies. Unable to remain there, we left the church and could not sleep.

This is how Soviet veteran Leonid Nikolaevich Rabichev told the story, perhaps in response to writer Tatiana Tolstaya. German women did, of course, give birth—but only those who were not killed. The dead, Tatiana, do not give birth.

What Did the Nazis Do to Captured Women?

The truth and myths about the Red Army, partisans, snipers and other atrocities allegedly committed by German soldiers against women require careful examination. During the Great Patriotic War many female volunteers—around one million—were sent to the front, most of them having voluntarily joined the Red Army. Women faced far greater hardship than men, but the real tragedy began when they fell into German captivity.

Women living under German occupation in Belarus and Ukraine suffered particularly badly. In some cases they managed to survive occupation relatively safely, as memoirs and studies such as those by Bykov and Nilin suggest, but humiliation and violence were still common. In most cases they faced concentration camps, rape, torture, execution or shooting.

Women captured while fighting in Red Army units were sometimes shot. Scouts and partisans were most often executed by hanging, frequently after prolonged abuse.

German troops often stripped captured Red Army women, exposed them to freezing weather or forced them into the street. At that time shame was regarded as a powerful psychological weapon. Germans were surprised by the number of virgins among the prisoners and actively used such methods to break, humiliate and crush the women’s spirit.

Public floggings, beatings and so-called “carousel” interrogations were among methods favoured by the Nazis. Rape was often committed by groups—in some cases by entire platoons. Such acts, however, were not officially approved by commanders and were formally prohibited, so these crimes were most often committed by guards, assault groups during arrests, or during closed interrogations.

The bodies of executed female partisans such as Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya bore signs of torture and abuse: breasts cut off, Nazi symbols carved into the body and other atrocities.

At present, while some ideologues try to justify Nazi crimes, others try to counter growing fear and myths. Claims circulate, for example, that German soldiers impaled female prisoners. There is, however, no documentary or photographic evidence of this, and it is unlikely that the Nazis would have spent time on such a method while considering themselves “civilised.” The principal methods of terror were mass shootings, hangings and the burning of entire houses.

Among unusual execution methods one can mention the “gas van,” a special vehicle used to kill people with exhaust fumes. Such vehicles were also used to kill women, although because they required extensive cleaning after use, their operation in Nazi Germany was relatively short-lived.

In concentration camps Soviet female prisoners of war were held under conditions comparable to those of men, but their numbers declined much more rapidly. Partisans and intelligence operatives were generally executed immediately.

The Nazis, in essence, disapproved of women because they considered them to behave worse than men. It is known that in medical experiments conducted by the Nazis women’s ovaries were removed. The notorious sadistic doctor Josef Mengele used X-ray irradiation to sterilise women while studying the human body’s ability to withstand high doses of radiation.

Well-known women’s concentration camps included Ravensbrück, Auschwitz, Buchenwald, Mauthausen and Salaspils. In all, the Nazis opened more than 40,000 camps and ghettos in which killing was conducted on an industrial scale. Women with children suffered particularly badly: blood was taken from the children for cruel experiments. Stories of mothers begging nurses to inject poison into their children to spare them suffering remain horrifying. For Nazi doctors, however, dissecting a living child or injecting a child with bacteria and chemicals was routine practice.

Around five million Soviet citizens died in prisons and concentration camps, and, according to the text, more than half were women. The number of female prisoners of war barely exceeded one hundred thousand. Most women in military service wore greatcoats and performed frontline duties.

The Nazis were punished for their crimes through complete military defeat and executions following the Nuremberg Trials. It is tragic, however, that many concentration-camp victims were sent to Stalinist camps after liberation. Residents of occupied territories, intelligence personnel and communications workers suffered particularly badly.

In Russia, the diary of Red Army officer Vladimir Gelfand has been published, describing without embellishment or censorship the bloody everyday life of the Second World War.

Some people consider a critical look at the past immoral or unacceptable in view of the heroism and sacrifice of twenty-seven million Soviet citizens. Others insist that future generations must know the true horrors of war and see its dark reality.

BBC correspondent Lucy Ash tried to illuminate little-known pages of Second World War history. Some facts from her investigation are not suitable for children.

Twilight descends over Treptower Park on the outskirts of Berlin. Before me rises the monument to the Liberator Soldier: a twelve-metre Soviet soldier stands on the ruins of a swastika, a sword in one hand and a small German girl in the other. Five thousand of the eighty thousand Soviet soldiers killed in the Battle of Berlin between 16 April and 2 May 1945 are buried here.

The scale of the memorial reflects the enormous losses. At the top of the pedestal, reached by a long staircase, is the entrance to a memorial hall lit like a shrine. Particular attention is drawn to the inscription recalling that the Soviet Union saved European civilisation from fascism.

For some residents of Germany, however, the memorial evokes different memories.

As Soviet soldiers advanced toward Berlin, they raped countless women. After the war this was scarcely discussed in either East or West Germany. In present-day Russia the subject remains taboo and is mentioned only rarely.

Vladimir Gelfand’s Diary

Many Russian media outlets usually dismiss accounts of rape as myths invented in the West. Yet one of the few reliable sources describing what happened is the diary of Soviet soldier Vladimir Gelfand. Despite the ban on keeping diaries in the Soviet Army, the young Jew from Ukraine, Lieutenant Vladimir Gelfand, recorded events from 1941 until the end of the war with extraordinary honesty.

His son Vitaly, who allowed me to examine the manuscript, found the diary among his father’s papers after his death. Although the text had been available online, it was only now being published in book form in Russia for the first time. Abridged versions of the diary had previously appeared in Germany and Sweden.

In his entries Gelfand describes chaos and lack of discipline in regular troops—poor food, lice, manifestations of antisemitism and constant theft, even soldiers stealing boots from their comrades.

In February 1945 Gelfand’s unit was stationed near the Oder River awaiting the advance on Berlin. He recalls how his comrades surrounded and captured a female battalion of German soldiers.

“The day before yesterday a women’s battalion fought on the left flank. It was completely destroyed, and the captured German women declared themselves avengers for their dead husbands. I do not know what was done with them, but they should be executed without mercy,” Gelfand wrote.

One of the most striking entries is dated 25 April—the day he rode a bicycle in Berlin for the first time in his life. Along the bank of the Spree he encountered a group of women carrying suitcases and bundles.

Speaking broken German, Gelfand asked where they had lived and wondered why they had left their homes. The women described with horror what they had suffered during the first night after the arrival of the Red Army.

“They poked me here,” one attractive German woman explained, lifting her skirt. “There were at least twenty of them, yes, yes,” she said, bursting into tears.

“They raped my daughter in front of me,” her poor mother said, “and they may come and do it to my girl again.” Everyone became alarmed, and bitter cries echoed through the cellar where people were hiding.

“Take me,” the girl suddenly ran up to me, Gelfand writes. “You will sleep with me. Do whatever you want with me, but only you!”

“The Time for Revenge Has Come!”

By then German troops had themselves been committing grave crimes on Soviet territory for almost four years.

Vladimir Gelfand encountered evidence of those crimes as his unit advanced toward Germany.

“When they were killed and wounded every day, when they passed through villages destroyed by the fascists… My father has many descriptions of villages being destroyed, of even very young Jewish children being killed… one-year-olds, two-year-olds… And this did not happen for one day but for many years. People saw it and went forward with a single aim—to take revenge and kill,” says Vitaly, Vladimir Gelfand’s son, who found his father’s diary after his death.

According to Nazi ideology, the Wehrmacht represented a well-organised Aryan force that did not permit sexual relations with “Untermenschen”—“subhumans.”

This prohibition was ignored, notes Oleg Budnitsky, a historian at Moscow’s Higher School of Economics.

German commanders were so concerned about the spread of venereal disease among soldiers that they organised a network of army brothels in occupied territories.

Vitaly Gelfand hopes to publish his father’s diary in Russia.

Direct evidence of how German soldiers treated Russian women is difficult to find—many victims did not survive.

At the German-Russian Museum in Berlin, however, director Jörg Morré showed a photograph from the private album of a German soldier, taken in Crimea. It shows the body of a woman lying on the ground.

“It looks as though she was killed during or after a rape. Her skirt is raised and her hands cover her face,” the museum director says.

“It is a shocking photograph. We discussed whether such images should be shown. This is war, sexual violence in the Soviet Union under the Germans. We show the war. We do not look away,” Jörg Morré adds.

When the Red Army entered the “lair of the fascist beast,” as the Soviet press then called Berlin, soldiers’ anger was reinforced by posters: “Soldier, you are on German soil. The time for revenge has come!”

The political department of the 19th Army, advancing toward Berlin along the Baltic, claimed that a true Soviet soldier was so full of hatred that the thought of sexual contact with German women would disgust him. The soldiers, however, proved otherwise.

Historian Antony Beevor, who researched the subject for his 2002 book Berlin: The Downfall, discovered in Russian archives reports of an epidemic of sexual violence in Germany. At the end of 1944 these reports were sent by NKVD officers to Lavrentiy Beria.

“They were passed to Stalin,” Beevor says. “The annotations show whether they were read. These documents report mass rape in East Prussia and describe how German women tried to kill themselves and their children to avoid such a fate.”

“Cellar Dwellers”

Another wartime diary, belonging to the fiancée of a German soldier, shows how some women tried to adapt to horrific conditions in order to survive.

Beginning on 20 April 1945, the anonymous woman kept notes distinguished by brutal honesty, insight and, at times, black humour.

Among her neighbours were “a young man in grey trousers and thick-rimmed glasses who, on closer inspection, turned out to be a woman,” and three elderly sisters whom she describes as “three seamstresses fused into one blood sausage.”

Waiting for Red Army units to approach, the women joked crudely that having a Russian on top of them would be preferable to dying under American carpet bombing.

When soldiers entered their cellar and tried to drag women away, the diarist used her knowledge of Russian to complain to the Soviet command.

On the ruined streets she met a Soviet officer who, despite Stalin’s decrees prohibiting violence against civilians, admitted that “it is still happening.”

The officer accompanied her back to the cellar and reprimanded the soldiers, but one of them, beside himself with rage, protested: “What are you talking about? Look at what the Germans did to our women!” The officer calmed him and led him outside.

But when the author went out to check whether the soldiers had left, she was seized and brutally raped, nearly strangled. Her terrified neighbours, or “cellar dwellers,” as she calls them, hid deeper in the basement.

“At last the two iron bolts opened and everyone looked at me,” she writes. “My stockings were down and only the belt remained in my hands. I began to shout: ‘Pigs! I was raped here twice and you left me lying like a piece of dirt!’”

Later she found an officer from Leningrad with whom she shared a bed. Over time the relationship between aggressor and victim became less violent, more reciprocal and more complicated. They discussed literature and the meaning of life.

“You cannot say that the major raped me,” she writes. “Why am I doing this? For bacon, sugar, candles, canned meat? The less he wants from me as a woman, the more I like him as a person.”

Many of her neighbours made similar arrangements with the conquerors of Berlin.

The diary was published in Germany in 1959 under the title A Woman in Berlin. Its frank account provoked a wave of accusations that it had disgraced German women. Anticipating such a response, the author insisted that the diary not be republished during her lifetime.

Eisenhower: Shoot Them on the Spot

Rape was not a problem confined to the Red Army.

Historian Bob Lilly of Northern Kentucky University obtained access to U.S. military tribunal archives.

His book Taken by Force caused so much controversy that initially no American publisher was willing to publish it; the first edition appeared in France.

Lilly estimates that between 1942 and 1945 American soldiers committed around 14,000 rapes in Britain, France and Germany.

“There were very few cases of rape in England, but once American troops crossed the English Channel the number increased sharply,” the historian notes.

He stresses that rape became a serious problem not only for the army’s image but also for discipline. “Eisenhower ordered soldiers to be shot at the scene of the crime, and these executions were reported in military newspapers such as Stars and Stripes. Germany was above this kind of conduct,” Lilly says.

Were Soldiers Executed for Rape?

Lilly acknowledges that no soldier was executed for raping or killing German civilians.

Today historians continue to investigate sexual crimes committed by Allied forces in Germany.

For many years sexual violence by Allied troops—American, British, French and Red Army—was officially silenced in Germany. Few reported it, and even fewer people were ready to hear about it.

Silence

It is difficult to speak about such matters in society in general. In addition, criticism of the Soviet heroes who defeated fascism in East Germany was regarded as almost sacrilegious. In West Germany, German guilt over Nazi crimes overshadowed discussion of these women’s suffering.

In 2008 the film Anonyma: A Woman in Berlin, based on the Berlin woman’s diary and starring actress Nina Hoss, was released in Germany.

The film was a revelation for many Germans and prompted numerous women to speak about what they had experienced. One of them was Ingeborg Bullert.

Ingeborg, now ninety, lives in a Hamburg apartment filled with photographs of cats and books about theatre. In 1945 she was twenty. She dreamed of becoming an actress and lived with her mother on a fashionable street in Berlin’s Charlottenburg district.

“I thought they were going to kill me,” Ingeborg Bullert says.

When the Red Army entered the city, she hid in the cellar of her building, as did the author of A Woman in Berlin.

“Suddenly there were tanks on our street, and the bodies of Russian and German soldiers lay everywhere,” she recalls. “I remember the terrible roar of the falling Russian rockets. We called them ‘Stalinorgeln’—‘Stalin’s organs.’”

Once, during a bombardment, Ingeborg left the cellar and ran upstairs for a piece of string that she used in place of a lamp wick.

“Suddenly I saw two Russians pointing weapons at me,” she says. “One forced me to undress and raped me. Then they changed places and the other raped me too. I thought I would die; they were going to kill me.”

At the time Ingeborg told no one what had happened. For decades she remained silent because it was too difficult to talk about. “My mother boasted that her daughter had not been touched,” she recalls.

A Wave of Abortions

A significant number of women in Berlin, however, were raped. Ingeborg Bullert recalls that immediately after the war women between fifteen and fifty-five were required to undergo examinations for venereal disease.

“To receive food ration cards you needed a medical certificate, and I remember that the waiting rooms of doctors issuing these certificates were always full of women,” she recalls.

What, then, was the real scale of the rapes? The figures most often cited are about 100,000 women in Berlin and around two million women throughout Germany. These figures, which remain highly controversial, were derived from the limited medical records that have survived.

These medical documents from 1945 survived almost miraculously.

In one Berlin district alone, 995 applications for abortion were approved over a six-month period.

In the building of a former military factory, now the State Archive, employee Martin Luchterhand shows me a stack of blue cardboard folders.

At the time, abortion in Germany was prohibited under Section 218 of the Criminal Code. Luchterhand notes, however, that after the war women were temporarily allowed to terminate pregnancies because of the emergency created by mass rape.

Thus, between June 1945 and 1946, 995 applications for abortion were approved in this Berlin district alone. The archive folders contain more than a thousand pages of various sizes and colours. Among them is a letter written in a childlike hand in which a girl states that she was raped in the living room of her home in front of her parents.

Bread Instead of Revenge

For some soldiers, women became trophies just like watches or bicycles, especially when the men had been drinking. Many, however, behaved differently. In Moscow I met ninety-two-year-old veteran Yuri Lyashenko, who recalls how soldiers shared bread with Germans instead of seeking revenge.

Yuri Lyashenko says Soviet soldiers in Berlin behaved in different ways.

“Of course we could not feed everyone, could we? But we shared what we had with the children. The little children were frightened; they had terrible eyes… I felt sorry for those children,” he recalls.

Wearing a jacket covered in orders and medals, Yuri Lyashenko invited me into his small apartment on the top floor of a high-rise building, where he offered me cognac and boiled eggs.

He said that he had dreamed of becoming an engineer but was drafted into the army and, like Vladimir Gelfand, spent his entire youth at war, finishing it in Berlin.

As he poured cognac into the glasses, he proposed a toast to peace. Although toasts to peace can often sound rehearsed, there was sincerity in his words.

He spoke about the beginning of the war, how he nearly lost a leg, and what he felt when he saw the red flag over the Reichstag. After a while I asked him about the rapes.

“I don’t know; nothing like that happened in our unit… Of course, it is obvious that such cases depend on the individual, on the people,” the veteran replied. “It is not written down; you do not know it.”

Look Back at the Past

We may never know the true scale of the rapes. Soviet military tribunal records and many other documents remain classified. Recently the State Duma approved a law “On Encroachments upon Historical Memory,” under which any minimisation of the USSR’s contribution to victory over fascism can be punished by a fine and imprisonment for up to five years.

Vera Dubina, a young historian from the Moscow University for the Humanities, says that before studying in Berlin she knew nothing about the rapes. After returning from Germany she wrote an article on the subject but was unable to publish it.

“The Russian media reacted extremely aggressively,” she says. “People want to hear only about our glorious victory in the Great Patriotic War, and conducting serious research on these questions is becoming increasingly difficult.”

History is often rewritten, which is why eyewitness testimony is so important. In old age, the stories of those who dared to speak about the subject are especially valuable, as are the documents left by people who were young during the war.

“If people do not want to know the truth and prefer to live with an illusion of a beautiful and noble past, that is self-deception,” says Vitaly Gelfand, Vladimir Gelfand’s son. “The world understands this, Russia understands it, and those behind these laws against distortion of the past understand it too. We cannot move into the future until we have dealt with the past.”

The exact number of female Red Army soldiers who fell into German captivity is unknown. The Germans, however, did not recognise women as military personnel and regarded them as partisans. According to German private Bruno Schneider, before his company was sent to the Soviet Union its commander, Lieutenant Prinz, acquainted the soldiers with an order: “Shoot all women serving in the Red Army.” Numerous accounts indicate that this order was carried out throughout the war.

In August 1941, on the order of Emil Knoll, commander of the field gendarmerie of the 44th Infantry Division, a captured military doctor was shot.

In 1941, in the town of Maglinsk in Bryansk Region, the Germans captured two girls from a medical unit and shot them.

After the Red Army’s defeat in Crimea in May 1942, an unknown girl in military uniform hid with a local resident in the fishing village of Myk near Kerch. On 28 May 1942 the Germans found her. The girl resisted, shouting: “Shoot, you bastards! I am dying for the Soviet people, for Stalin, and you will die like dogs!” She was shot in the yard.

At the end of August 1942, in the stanitsa of Krymskaya in Krasnodar Territory, a group of sailors was shot, including several girls in military uniform.

In the stanitsa of Starotirovskaya in Krasnodar Territory, among executed prisoners of war, the body of a girl in Red Army uniform was found. Her passport belonged to Tatiana Alexandrovna Mikhailova, born in 1923, a native of the village of Novo-Romanovka.

In September 1942, in the stanitsa of Vorontsovo-Dashkovskaya in Krasnodar Territory, captured military adjutants Glubokov and Yachmenev were brutally tortured to death.

On 5 January 1943, eight Red Army soldiers were captured near the Severny farmstead, among them nurse Lyuba. After prolonged torture and abuse, all were shot.

A divisional intelligence interpreter named S. Rafes recalled that in the village of Smaglovka, liberated in 1943 ten kilometres from Kantemirovka, local residents told how in 1941 a wounded female lieutenant had been dragged naked along the road, with cuts on her face, arms and chest.

Knowing what awaited them in captivity, women soldiers usually fought to the last.

Captured women were often raped before execution. Hans Rudow, a soldier of the 11th Panzer Division, testified that in the winter of 1942 “…Russian nurses lay on the road. They had been shot and thrown there naked. Obscene words had been written on their bodies.”

In July 1942, in Rostov, German motorcyclists broke into the courtyard of a hospital where nurses were staying. They were ordered to change into civilian clothing, but there was not enough time. Still in uniform, they were dragged into a shed and raped. They survived, however.

Female prisoners of war confined in camps also became victims of violence and abuse. Former prisoner of war K. A. Shenipov described a captive named Lyuda who was held in a camp in Drohobych. “Captain Strohr, the camp commandant, tried to rape her. After she resisted, soldiers summoned by him tied Lyuda to a bunk, where Strohr raped her and then shot her.”

At the beginning of 1942, in Stalag 346 at Kremenchuk, German camp doctor Orléans gathered fifty women—doctors, feldshers and nurses—stripped them and ordered them to be checked for venereal disease. He personally carried out the examination. According to a witness, he took three girls away for his own “service.” German soldiers and officers regularly came to the doctors for “examinations” of women. Some of the women survived rape.

Women prisoners of war were treated with particular cynicism by guards and camp police, who were often former prisoners of war themselves. They raped female hostages or forced them into sexual relations under threat of death. At Stalag No. 337 near Baranovichi, around four hundred female prisoners of war were held behind barbed wire. At a session of the military tribunal of the Belorussian Military District in December 1967, former head of the camp guard A. M. Yarosh admitted that his subordinates had raped women in the female section.

Women were also held in the Millerovo prisoner-of-war camp. The commandant of the women’s barracks was a Volga German woman. The prisoners’ fate was harsh. According to witnesses, the police regularly inspected the barracks, and every day the commandant would “give a choice” of any girl to a policeman for two hours. The policeman could take her to his barracks and use her as an object of violence, insult and humiliation.

One evening during inspection, the chief of police himself took a girl for the night. She complained that “these bastards” were reluctant to go to the policemen. The police chief then proposed using the “red fireman”—a punishment in which a girl was crucified, tied to the floor and had hot red pepper inserted into her vagina, where it was left for half an hour. Screaming was forbidden. Many girls bit their lips in order not to make a sound, and after the punishment could not move for a long time.

Because of her cruelty, the commandant was nicknamed “the cannibal.” She exercised unlimited power over the captive girls and invented elaborate tortures. One was called “self-punishment”: a special cross-shaped device sixty centimetres high on which a girl had to place a stake in her anus while holding it with her hands and standing with her feet on a stool for three minutes. Those who could not endure it had to repeat the procedure from the beginning.

Information about what happened in the women’s camps was passed on by girls who emerged from the barracks, and also by policemen themselves, who boasted about their “exploits.”

Female prisoners of war were held in several camps and made an extremely miserable impression. Their living conditions were exceptionally harsh: they suffered from the absence of basic sanitation and from constant abuse.

In the autumn of 1941, K. Khromiadi, a member of a labour-allocation commission, visited the Siedlce camp and spoke with captive women. One of them, a military doctor, admitted: “Everything was bearable except the absence of underwear and water, which meant that we could neither change clothes nor wash.”

A group of female medical personnel captured in the Kiev encirclement in September 1941 was held in Vladimir-Volynsky, in Oflag No. 365 “Nord.”

Nurses Olga Lenkovskaya and Taisia Shubina were captured during the Vyazma encirclement in October 1941. Initially the women were held in a camp in Gzhatsk, then in Vyazma. In March 1942, as the Red Army approached, the Germans transferred the female prisoners to Dulag No. 126 in Smolensk. There were few prisoners in the camp; the women were kept in a separate barracks and forbidden to communicate with men. Between April and July 1942 the Germans released all the women on condition that they settle freely in Smolensk.

After the fall of Sevastopol in July 1942, around three hundred female medical workers—doctors, nurses and orderlies—were captured. They were first sent to Slavuta, and in February 1943, after around six hundred women had been gathered in the camp, they were loaded into railway cars and sent west.

In one of the camps another search took place: people were lined up and the Germans searched for Jews, commissars and partisans. Those separated from the main group were shot. The others were driven into wagons, with men and women separated.

The men were unloaded at different stations, while on 23 February 1943 the women were brought to the town of Hoz. They were told that they would work in military factories. Among the prisoners was Evgenia Lazarevna Klem, a Jewish woman who presented herself as a Serb and as a history teacher at the Odessa Pedagogical Institute. She enjoyed great authority and, speaking German on behalf of all the prisoners, declared: “We are prisoners of war and we will not work in military factories.” In response, the Germans beat them and placed them in an overcrowded hall where it was impossible either to sit or move. They remained there for about a day, after which the resisters were sent to Ravensbrück concentration camp.

Ravensbrück camp was established in 1939. The first prisoners were German; later women from occupied European countries were brought there. Prisoners wore striped clothing—blue and grey dresses and unlined jackets; underwear consisted of shirts and shorts. Bras and belts were not issued. Sometimes, in October, a pair of old stockings would be issued for six months, but not everyone could make them last until spring. Footwear consisted of wooden blocks.

A barracks was divided into two parts connected by a corridor: a living room with furniture and a sleeping room with three-tier bunks and a narrow passage between them. Two prisoners shared one cotton blanket. Senior prisoners lived in a separate room. There was a toilet in the corridor.

The prisoners worked mainly in the camp’s sewing factories. Ravensbrück produced around eighty per cent of uniforms for SS troops as well as camp clothing for men and women.

The first Soviet female prisoners of war—536 women—arrived at the camp on 28 February 1943. They were first sent to the bathhouse and then issued striped camp clothing with a red triangle and the letters “SU,” meaning Soviet Union.

Even before the Soviet women arrived, the SS had spread a rumour through the camp that a gang of female killers was being brought from Russia. They were therefore placed in a separate block surrounded by barbed wire.

Every morning the prisoners were awakened at four o’clock for roll call, which sometimes lasted several hours. The women then worked twelve to thirteen hours in a sewing workshop or in the camp infirmary.

Breakfast consisted of ersatz coffee, which the women mostly used for washing their hair because there was no hot water. They saved the coffee and took turns washing with it.

Women who still had hair made their own combs. French prisoner Micheline Morel recalled that “Russian girls used factory machines to cut wooden boards or metal plates and polished them into perfectly usable combs. A wooden comb was worth half a loaf of bread, a metal one an entire ration.” At lunch prisoners received half a litre of porridge and two or three boiled potatoes. In the evening five women shared one loaf of bread mixed with sawdust, together with another half-litre of porridge.

One prisoner, identified only by the initial S., described in her memoirs the impression Soviet women made on other inmates. According to Müller:

“On an April Sunday we learned that the Soviet prisoners had refused to obey an order, explaining that under the Geneva Convention they should be treated as prisoners of war. The camp authorities regarded this as insolence. Throughout the first half of the day they were forced to march along Lagerstrasse, the camp’s main ‘street,’ and were deprived of lunch.

“But the women from the Red Army block turned the punishment into a demonstration of strength. I remember someone in our section shouting: ‘Look, the Red Army is coming!’ We ran out of the barracks and saw five hundred Soviet women arranged ten abreast. They marched in perfect order, stamping their feet. Their steps echoed rhythmically along Lagerstrasse like drumbeats. Suddenly a woman on the right of the front rank gave the command to sing. She counted: ‘One, two, three!’ and they began:

“‘Arise, great country, rise for mortal battle…’

“I had heard them hum this song quietly in the barracks, but here it sounded like a call to struggle and faith in an approaching victory.

“Then they sang about Moscow. The Nazis were stunned: punishment by marching humiliated prisoners of war had turned into a demonstration of their strength and unbreakable spirit.

“The SS were unable to leave the Soviet women without lunch—political prisoners had arranged food for them in advance.

“Soviet female prisoners of war repeatedly astonished both enemy and Allied inmates with their unity and resistance. On one occasion twelve Soviet girls were included on a list of prisoners who were to be sent to Majdanek and the gas chambers. When the SS came for them in the barracks, their comrades refused to hand them over. The SS managed to identify them, but the remaining five hundred women lined up five abreast to go to the commandant. E. L. Klem served as interpreter. Under threat of being shot, the commandant took the newcomers into the block, and the women declared a hunger strike.”

Constant abuse, forced labour and starvation led to suicides. In February 1945 Zinaida Eridova, a defender of Sevastopol and military doctor, took her own life. Despite the horrors, the prisoners retained faith in rescue, reflected in a song by an unknown author:

“Keep your heads high, Russian girls!
Lift your heads, be braver!
We have not long left to endure.
The nightingale will arrive in spring…
And open the gates of freedom for us,
Take the striped dress from our shoulders,
And heal the deep wounds.
Wipe the tears from swollen eyes.
Keep your heads high, Russian girls!
Remain Russian everywhere and always!
Not long to wait, not long—
And we will be on Russian soil.”

Former prisoner Germaine Tillion gives a striking description of Soviet female prisoners of war in Ravensbrück in her memoirs: “Their solidarity was explained by the fact that they had already gone through the school of the army before captivity. They were young, strong, neat and honest, but rather rough and poorly educated. Among them were members of the intelligentsia—doctors and teachers—who were friendly and attentive. We liked their disobedience and their refusal to submit to the Germans.”

Female prisoners of war were also sent to other concentration camps. Auschwitz prisoner Lebedeva recalled that the women’s camp held paratroopers Ira Ivannikova, Zhenya Sarycheva, Viktorina Nikitina, doctor Nina Kharlamova and nurse Klavdia Sokolova.

In January 1944 more than fifty female prisoners of war from the Chelm camp were sent to Majdanek for refusing to sign contracts for work in Germany and to change their status to civilian workers. Among them were doctor Anna Nikiforova, military feldshers Efrosinya Tsepenikova and Tonya Leontyeva, and infantry lieutenant Vera Matyutskaya.

Navigator Anna Egorova, whose aircraft was shot down over Poland, was captured while concussed and with burns to her face and was held in the Küstrin camp.

Although death reigned in captivity, any relationship between male and female prisoners of war was forbidden. Yet where men and women worked together, mainly in camp infirmaries, love sometimes arose and brought new life. In these rare cases the German administration did not interfere with childbirth. After a child was born, the mother either received civilian status and was released with the right to live in occupied territory, or returned to the camp together with the child.

Documents from infirmary No. 352 at the Stalag camp in Minsk record that “on 23 February 1942 nurse Alexandra Sindeva, who had come to the city hospital to give birth, left for the camp with prisoner of war Rollban and her child.”

In 1944 the treatment of female prisoners of war became harsher. On 6 March 1944 the OKW issued a special order, “On the Treatment of Russian Female Prisoners of War,” under which all Soviet female prisoners of war were to be screened by the local Gestapo office, as were newly arrived prisoners. If female prisoners of war were found politically unreliable, they were released from prisoner-of-war status and handed over to the police.

On the basis of this order, on 11 April 1944 the chief of the Security Service and SD issued an instruction that unconvinced or politically unreliable female prisoners of war be sent to the nearest concentration camps. After arriving at a camp, such women were subjected to so-called “special treatment,” meaning liquidation. This is how Vera Panchenko-Pisanetskaya died. She had been the senior member of a group of seven hundred female prisoners of war working at a military factory in Genthin. Several acts of sabotage had been organised at the factory, and an investigation concluded that Vera had led them. In August 1944 she was sent to Ravensbrück, where she was executed that autumn.

In Stutthof concentration camp in 1944, five senior Soviet officers were killed, including a female major. They were brought to the crematorium, which served as an execution site. The men were shot one after another, and then it was the woman’s turn. According to a Polish man who worked at the cemetery and understood Russian, an SS man who spoke Russian mocked the woman, forcing her to obey commands: “Right, left, about turn…” When he asked, “Why did you do it?” the woman replied that she had done it for the Motherland. The SS man slapped her and said: “That is for your Motherland.” She spat in his eyes and replied: “And that is for your Motherland.” The SS men were taken aback. Two of them began forcing the woman into the cremation furnace. Despite her resistance, she was placed on a trolley and pushed inside. All prisoners working in the crematorium witnessed this. Unfortunately, the heroine’s name remains unknown.

Soviet women were distinguished by endurance and courage, inspiring both contempt and fear in the German army. Major Küner’s frontline notes contain stories about Russian peasant women who, despite hunger and deprivation, shared their last stores of food with people in need.

He notes that “when we [Germans] were thirsty during a crossing, we went into their houses and they gave us milk,” placing the occupiers in a morally difficult position.

Chaplain Kieler, serving in a medical unit, became a guest in the home of a seventy-seven-year-old woman named Alexandra, whose tender care made him reflect on spiritual questions. He wrote: “She knows that we are fighting against them, and yet… she knits socks for me. The feeling of hostility seems unknown to her. Poor people share their last possessions with us. Do they do it out of fear, or from an innate sense of self-sacrifice? Or from kindness and love?”

Küner was particularly struck by the maternal instinct of Soviet women: “I often saw Russian peasant women weeping over wounded German soldiers as if they were their own sons.”

Morality

The high moral standards of Soviet women came as a real shock to the German occupiers. The thesis of the supposed “immorality” of Eastern women imposed by fascist propaganda proved to be a myth without foundation.

Wehrmacht soldier Michels reflected on this and wrote: “What were we told about the Russian woman? How did we actually find her? I think there is hardly a German soldier who did not learn to value and respect the Russian woman.”

All light-skinned representatives of peoples deported from the occupied territories of the USSR for forced labour in Germany underwent compulsory medical examinations, which produced unexpected findings.

Erich’s assistant, nurse Heim, left the following note in his notebook: “The doctor who examined the Russian girls was very impressed by the results: 99 per cent of girls aged eighteen to thirty-five were virgins.” She added: “He believes it will be difficult to find girls for a brothel in Orel…”

Similar reports came from various enterprises to which Soviet girls were sent, including the Wolfen factory, where it was noted: “It appears that the Russian man pays proper attention to the Russian woman, and this is reflected in the moral character of life.”

Writer Ernst Jünger, who served in the German army, became convinced of this when he heard from staff doctor von Gravenitz that reports of sexual violence against Eastern women were entirely false.

With a deep understanding of human nature, the author described Russian girls as follows: “I see a radiance of purity around her face. Her light is not like the flicker of an active flame; it is more like reflected moonlight. It is precisely through this light that you sense her greatness. Feel this power…”

Productivity

German tank general Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg noted in his memoirs that Russian women possessed “valuable, unquestionably physical qualities.” This aspect of their character did not go unnoticed by the German leadership, which decided to use women from occupied Eastern territories as domestic servants in the homes of loyal members of the National Socialist German Workers’ Party. Domestic workers performed thorough cleaning of apartments, which was a difficult trial for pampered German housewives and affected their delicate health.

Cleanliness

One reason Soviet women willingly undertook domestic work was their extraordinary cleanliness. Germans entering the modest homes of townspeople were surprised by their interior decoration and brightness, often embellished with folk motifs.

Nazi officials who expected to encounter barbarians were disappointed by the beauty and personal hygiene of Soviet women. The head of Dortmund’s health department noted: “I was very impressed by the good appearance of workers from the East. I was especially surprised by their teeth, because up to now I have not met a single Russian woman with bad teeth. Unlike our German women, they apparently have to take very careful care of their teeth.”

A priest named Franz, who because of his profession could not look at a woman through a man’s eyes, remarked restrainedly that this might be regarded as a sign of coarseness.

Family Ties

The falsehood of fascist propaganda claiming that the totalitarian authorities of the Soviet Union had completely destroyed the institution of the family—which the Nazis themselves exalted—did not withstand the test of facts.

From the frontline letters of German soldiers, relatives at home learned that women of the USSR were not unfeeling machines but tender and caring daughters, mothers, wives and grandmothers. Moreover, the warmth and strength of their family ties could only be envied. Whenever possible, numerous relatives maintained contact and helped one another.

Piety

The deep religious devotion of Soviet women made a strong impression on the Nazis despite official repression of religion in the Soviet state. The women managed to preserve a close bond with God in their inner lives. Moving through occupied territories, Hitler’s soldiers often encountered churches and monasteries where services were still held.

Major K. Küner described in his memoirs two peasant women whom he saw among the ruins of a church burned by the Germans; they were praying fervently.

What particularly surprised the Nazis were female prisoners of war who refused to work on church holidays. In some camps the guards respected the prisoners’ religious feelings, while in others disobedience could be punished by death.

    Dr. Elke Scherstjanoi "Ein Rotarmist in Deutschland"

    Stern "Von Siegern und Besiegten"

    Märkische Allgemeine "Hinter den Kulissen"

    Das Erste "Kulturreport"

    Berliner Zeitung "Besatzer, Schöngeist, Nervensäge, Liebhaber"

    SR 2 KulturRadio "Deutschland-Tagebuch 1945-1946 – Aufzeichnungen eines Rotarmisten"

    Die Zeit "Wodka, Schlendrian, Gewalt"

    Jüdische Allgemeine "Aufzeichnungen im Feindesland"

    Mitteldeutsche Zeitung "Ein rotes Herz in Uniform"

    Unveröffentlichte Kritik "Aufzeichnungen eines Rotarmisten vom Umgang mit den Deutschen"

    Bild "Auf Berlin, das Besiegte, spucke ich!"

    Das Buch von Gregor Thum "Traumland Osten. Deutsche Bilder vom östlichen Europa im 20. Jahrhundert"

    Flensborg Avis "Set med en russisk officers øjne"

    Ostsee Zeitung "Das Tagebuch des Rotarmisten"

    Leipziger Volkszeitung "Das Glück lächelt uns also zu!"

    Passauer Neue Presse "Erinnerungspolitischer Gezeitenwechsel"

    Lübecker Nachrichten "Das Kriegsende aus Sicht eines Rotarmisten"

    Lausitzer Rundschau "Ich werde es erzählen"

    Leipzigs-Neue "Rotarmisten und Deutsche"

    SWR2 Radio ART: Hörspiel "Berlin 45"

    Kulturation "Tagebuchaufzeichnungen eines jungen Sowjetleutnants"

    Der Tagesspiegel "Hier gibt es Mädchen"

    NDR "Bücher Journal"

    Kulturportal "Chronik"

    Sächsische Zeitung "Bitterer Beigeschmack"

    Wiesbadener Tagblatt "Reflexionen, Textcollagen und inhaltlicher Zündstoff"

    Deutschlandradio Kultur "Krieg und Kriegsende aus russischer Sicht"

    Berliner Zeitung "Die Deutschen tragen alle weisse Armbinden"

    MDR "Deutschland-Tagebuch eines Rotarmisten"

    Jüdisches Berlin "Das Unvergessliche ist geschehen"/"Личные воспоминания"

    Süddeutsche Zeitung "So dachten die Sieger"

    Financial Times Deutschland "Aufzeichnungen aus den Kellerlöchern"

    Badisches Tagblatt "Ehrliches Interesse oder narzisstische Selbstschau?"

    Freie Presse "Ein Rotarmist in Berlin"

    Die Berliner Literaturkritik "Politik, Geschichte, Kunst und Philosophie"

    Nordkurier/Usedom Kurier "Aufzeichnungen eines Rotarmisten ungefiltert"

    Nordkurier "Tagebuch, Briefe und Erinnerungen"

    Ostthüringer Zeitung "An den Rand geschrieben"

    Potsdamer Neueste Nachrichten "Hier gibt es Mädchen"

    NDR Info. Forum Zeitgeschichte "Features und Hintergründe"

    Deutschlandradio Kultur. Politische Literatur. "Lasse mir eine Dauerwelle machen"

    Konkret "Watching the krauts. Emigranten und internationale Beobachter schildern ihre Eindrücke aus Nachkriegsdeutschland"

    Cicero "Voodoo Child. Die verhexten Kinder"

    Dagens Nyheter "Det oaendliga kriget"

    Utopie-kreativ "Des jungen Leutnants Deutschland - Tagebuch"

    Neues Deutschland "Berlin, Stunde Null"

    Webwecker-bielefeld "Aufzeichnungen eines Rotarmisten"

    Südkurier "Späte Entschädigung"

    Online Rezension "Das kriegsende aus der Sicht eines Soldaten der Roten Armee"

    Saarbrücker Zeitung "Erstmals: Das Tagebuch eines Rotarmisten"

    Neue Osnabrücker Zeitung "Weder Brutalbesatzer noch ein Held"

    Thüringische Landeszeitung "Vom Alltag im Land der Besiegten"

    Das Argument "Wladimir Gelfand: Deutschland-Tagebuch 1945-1946. Aufzeichnungen eines Rotarmisten"

    Deutschland Archiv: Zeitschrift für das vereinigte Deutschland "Betrachtungen eines Aussenseiters"

    Neue Gesellschaft/Frankfurter Hefte "Von Siegern und Besiegten"

    Deutsch-Russisches Museum Berlin-Karlshorst "Deutschland-Tagebuch 1945-1946. Aufzeichnungen eines Rotarmisten"

    Online Rezensionen. Die Literaturdatenbank

    Literaturkritik "Ein siegreicher Rotarmist"

    RBB Kulturradio "Ein Rotarmist in Berlin"

    Українська правда "Нульовий варiант" для ветеранiв вiйни"/Комсомольская правда "Нулевой вариант" для ветеранов войны"

    Dagens Nyheter. "Sovjetsoldatens dagbok. Hoppfull läsning trots krigets grymheter"

    Ersatz "Tysk dagbok 1945-46 av Vladimir Gelfand"

    Borås Tidning "Vittnesmåil från krigets inferno"

    Sundsvall (ST) "Solkig skildring av sovjetisk soldat frеn det besegrade Berlin"

    Helsingborgs Dagblad "Krigsdagbok av privat natur"

    2006 Bradfor "Conference on Contemporary German Literature"

    Spring-2005/2006/2016 Foreign Rights, German Diary 1945-1946

    Flamman / Ryska Posten "Dagbok kastar tvivel över våldtäktsmyten"

    INTERPRES "DAGBOG REJSER TVIVL OM DEN TYSK-REVANCHISTISKE “VOLDTÆGTSMYTE”

    Expressen "Kamratliga kramar"

    Expressen Kultur "Under våldets täckmantel"

    Lo Tidningen "Krigets vardag i röda armén"

    Tuffnet Radio "Är krigets våldtäkter en myt?"

    Norrköpings Tidningar "En blick från andra sidan"

    Expressen Kultur "Den enda vägens historia"

    Expressen Kultur "Det totalitära arvet"

    Allehanda "Rysk soldatdagbok om den grymma slutstriden"

    Ryska Posten "Till försvar för fakta och anständighet"

    Hugin & Munin "En rödarmist i Tyskland"

    Theater "Das deutsch-russische Soldatenwörtebuch"/Театр "Русско-немецкий солдатский разговорник"

    SWR2 Radio "Journal am Mittag"

    Berliner Zeitung "Dem Krieg den Krieg erklären"

    Die Tageszeitung "Mach's noch einmal, Iwan!"

    The book of Paul Steege "Black Market, Cold War: Everyday Life in Berlin, 1946-1949"

    Телеканал РТР Культура "Русско-немецкий солдатский разговорник"

    Аргументы и факты "Есть ли правда у войны?"

    RT "Russian-German soldier's phrase-book on stage in Moscow"

    Утро.ru "Контурная карта великой войны"

    Коммерсантъ "Языковой окоп"

    Телеканал РТР Культура "Широкий формат с Ириной Лесовой"

    Museum Berlin-Karlshorst "Das Haus in Karlshorst. Geschichte am Ort der Kapitulation"

    Das Buch von Roland Thimme "Rote Fahnen über Potsdam 1933 - 1989: Lebenswege und Tagebücher"

    Das Buch von Bernd Vogenbeck, Juliane Tomann, Magda Abraham-Diefenbach: "Terra Transoderana: Zwischen Neumark und Ziemia Lubuska"

    Das Buch von Sven Reichardt & Malte Zierenberg "Damals nach dem Krieg Eine Geschichte Deutschlands - 1945 bis 1949"

    Lothar Gall & Barbara Blessing "Historische Zeitschrift Register zu Band 276 (2003) bis 285 (2007)"

    Wyborcza.pl "Kłopotliwy pomnik w mieście z trudną historią"

    Kollektives Gedächtnis "Erinnerungen an meine Cousine Dora aus Königsberg"

    Das Buch von Ingeborg Jacobs: "Freiwild: Das Schicksal deutscher Frauen 1945"

    Wyborcza.pl "Strącona gwiazda wdzięczności"

    Закон i Бiзнес "Двічі по двісті - суд честі"

    Радио Свобода "Красная армия. Встреча с Европой"

    DEP "Stupri sovietici in Germania /1944-45/"

    Дніпропетровський національний історичний музей ім. Яворницького "Музей і відвідувач: методичні розробки, сценарії, концепції. Листи з 43-го"

    Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History "The Intelligentsia Meets the Enemy: Educated Soviet Officers in Defeated Germany, 1945"

    DAMALS "Deutschland-Tagebuch 1945-1946. Gedankenwelt des Siegers"

    Das Buch von Pauline de Bok: "Blankow oder Das Verlangen nach Heimat"

    Das Buch von Ingo von Münch: "Frau, komm!": die Massenvergewaltigungen deutscher Frauen und Mädchen 1944/45"

    Das Buch von Roland Thimme: "Schwarzmondnacht: Authentische Tagebücher berichten (1933-1953). Nazidiktatur - Sowjetische Besatzerwillkür"

    История государства "Миф о миллионах изнасилованных немок"

    Das Buch Alexander Häusser, Gordian Maugg: "Hungerwinter: Deutschlands humanitäre Katastrophe 1946/47"

    Heinz Schilling: "Jahresberichte für deutsche Geschichte: Neue Folge. 60. Jahrgang 2008"

    Jan M. Piskorski "WYGNAŃCY: Migracje przymusowe i uchodźcy w dwudziestowiecznej Europie"

    Wayne State "The Cultural Memory Of German Victimhood In Post-1990 Popular German Literature And Television"

    Deutschlandradio "Heimat ist dort, wo kein Hass ist"

    Journal of Cold War Studies "Wladimir Gelfand, Deutschland-Tagebuch 1945–1946: Aufzeichnungen eines Rotarmisten"

    ЛЕХАИМ "Евреи на войне. Солдатские дневники"

    Частный Корреспондент "Победа благодаря и вопреки"

    Перспективы "Сексуальное насилие в годы Второй мировой войны: память, дискурс, орудие политики"

    Радиостанция Эхо Москвы & RTVi "Не так" с Олегом Будницким: Великая Отечественная - солдатские дневники"

    Books Llc "Person im Zweiten Weltkrieg /Sowjetunion/ Georgi Konstantinowitsch Schukow, Wladimir Gelfand, Pawel Alexejewitsch Rotmistrow"

    Das Buch von Jan Musekamp: "Zwischen Stettin und Szczecin - Metamorphosen einer Stadt von 1945 bis 2005"

    Encyclopedia of safety "Ladies liberated Europe in the eyes of Russian soldiers and officers (1944-1945 gg.)"

    Азовские греки "Павел Тасиц"

    Newsland "СМЯТЕНИЕ ГРОЗНОЙ ОСЕНИ 1941 ГОДА"

    Wallstein "Demokratie im Schatten der Gewalt: Geschichten des Privaten im deutschen Nachkrieg"

    Вестник РГГУ "Болезненная тема второй мировой войны: сексуальное насилие по обе стороны фронта"

    Das Buch von Jürgen W. Schmidt: "Als die Heimat zur Fremde wurde"

    ЛЕХАИМ "Евреи на войне: от советского к еврейскому?"

    Gedenkstätte/ Museum Seelower Höhen "Die Schlacht"

    The book of Frederick Taylor "Exorcising Hitler: The Occupation and Denazification of Germany"

    Огонёк "10 дневников одной войны"

    The book of Michael Jones "Total War: From Stalingrad to Berlin"

    Das Buch von Frederick Taylor "Zwischen Krieg und Frieden: Die Besetzung und Entnazifizierung Deutschlands 1944-1946"

    WordPress.com "Wie sind wir Westler alt und überklug - und sind jetzt doch Schmutz unter ihren Stiefeln"

    Олег Будницкий: "Архив еврейской истории" Том 6. "Дневники"

    Åke Sandin "Är krigets våldtäkter en myt?"

    Michael Jones: "El trasfondo humano de la guerra: con el ejército soviético de Stalingrado a Berlín"

    Das Buch von Jörg Baberowski: "Verbrannte Erde: Stalins Herrschaft der Gewalt"

    Zeitschrift fur Geschichtswissenschaft "Gewalt im Militar. Die Rote Armee im Zweiten Weltkrieg"

    Ersatz-[E-bok] "Tysk dagbok 1945-46"

    The book of Michael David-Fox, Peter Holquist, Alexander M. Martin: "Fascination and Enmity: Russia and Germany as Entangled Histories, 1914-1945"

    Елена Сенявская "Женщины освобождённой Европы глазами советских солдат и офицеров (1944-1945 гг.)"

    The book of Raphaelle Branche, Fabrice Virgili: "Rape in Wartime (Genders and Sexualities in History)"

    (סקירה צבאית נשים של אירופה המשוחררת דרך עיניהם של חיילים וקצינים סובייטים (1944-1945

    БезФорматаРу "Хоть бы скорей газетку прочесть"

    ВЕСТНИК "Проблемы реадаптации студентов-фронтовиков к учебному процессу после Великой Отечественной войны"

    Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft 60 (2012), 12

    Все лечится "10 миллионов изнасилованных немок"

    Симха "Еврейский Марк Твен. Так называли Шолома Рабиновича, известного как Шолом-Алейхем"

    Nicolas Bernard "La Guerre germano-soviétique: 1941-1945 (Histoires d'aujourd'hui) E-Book"

    Annales "La perte, le don, le butin. Civilisation stalinienne, aide étrangère et biens trophées dans l’Union soviétique des années 1940"

    Das Buch von Beata Halicka "Polens Wilder Westen. Erzwungene Migration und die kulturelle Aneignung des Oderraums 1945 - 1948"

    Das Buch von Jan M. Piskorski "Die Verjagten: Flucht und Vertreibung im Europa des 20. Jahrhundert"

    "آسو "دشمن هرگز در نمی‌زن

    Уроки истории. ХХ век. Гефтер. "Антисемитизм в СССР во время Второй мировой войны в контексте холокоста"

    Ella Janatovsky "The Crystallization of National Identity in Times of War: The Experience of a Soviet Jewish Soldier"

    Word War II Multimedia Database "Borgward Panzerjager At The Reichstag"

    Militaergeschichtliche Zeitschrift "Buchbesprechungen"

    Всеукраинский еженедельник Украина-Центр "Рукописи не горят"

    Ljudbok / Bok / eBok: Niclas Sennerteg "Nionde arméns undergång: Kampen om Berlin 1945"

    Das Buch von Michaela Kipp: "Großreinemachen im Osten: Feindbilder in deutschen Feldpostbriefen im Zweiten Weltkrieg"

    Петербургская газета "Женщины на службе в Третьем Рейхе"

    Володимир Поліщук "Зроблено в Єлисаветграді"

    Германо-российский музей Берлин-Карлсхорст. Каталог постоянной экспозиции/Katalog zur Dauerausstellung

    Clarissa Schnabel "The life and times of Marta Dietschy-Hillers"

    Alliance for Human Research Protection "Breaking the Silence about sexual violence against women during the Holocaust"

    Еврейский музей и центр толерантности. Группа по работе с архивными документами

    Эхо Москвы "ЦЕНА ПОБЕДЫ: Военный дневник лейтенанта Владимира Гельфанда"

    Bok / eBok: Anders Bergman & Emelie Perland "365 dagar: Utdrag ur kända och okända dagböcker"

    РИА Новости "Освободители Германии"

    Das Buch von Miriam Gebhardt "Als die Soldaten kamen: Die Vergewaltigung deutscher Frauen am Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs"

    Petra Tabarelli "Vladimir Gelfand"

    Das Buch von Martin Stein "Die sowjetische Kriegspropaganda 1941 - 1945 in Ego-Dokumenten"

    Książka Beata Halicka "Polski Dziki Zachód. Przymusowe migracje i kulturowe oswajanie Nadodrza 1945-1948"

    The German Quarterly "Philomela’s Legacy: Rape, the Second World War, and the Ethics of Reading"

    MAZ LOKAL "Archäologische Spuren der Roten Armee in Brandenburg"

    Tenona "Как фашисты издевались над детьми в концлагере Саласпилс. Чудовищные исторические факты о концлагерях"

    Deutsches Historisches Museum "1945 – Niederlage. Befreiung. Neuanfang. Zwölf Länder Europas nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg"

    День за днем "Дневник лейтенанта Гельфанда"

    BBC News "The rape of Berlin"/BBC Mundo/BBC O`zbek/BBC Brasil/BBC فارْسِى

    Echo24.cz "Z deníku rudoarmějce: Probodneme je skrz genitálie"

    The Telegraph "The truth behind The Rape of Berlin"

    BBC World Service "The Rape of Berlin"

    ParlamentniListy.cz "Mrzačení, znásilňování, to všechno jsme dělali. Český server připomíná drsné paměti sovětského vojáka"

    WordPress.com "Termina a Batalha de Berlim"

    Dnevnik.hr "Podignula je suknju i kazala mi: 'Spavaj sa mnom. Čini što želiš! Ali samo ti"

    ilPOST "Gli stupri in Germania, 70 anni fa"

    上海东方报业有限公司 70年前苏军强奸了十万柏林妇女？很多人仍在寻找真相

    연합뉴스 "BBC: 러시아군, 2차대전때 독일에서 대규모 강간"

    세계일보 "러시아군, 2차대전때 독일에서 대규모 강간"

    Telegraf "SPOMENIK RUSKOM SILOVATELJU: Nemci bi da preimenuju istorijsko zdanje u Berlinu?"

    Múlt-kor "A berlini asszonyok küzdelme a szovjet erőszaktevők ellen"

    Noticiasbit.com "El drama oculto de las violaciones masivas durante la caída de Berlín"

    Museumsportal Berlin "Landsberger Allee 563, 21. April 1945"

    Caldeirão Político "70 anos após fim da guerra, estupro coletivo de alemãs ainda é episódio pouco conhecido"

    Nuestras Charlas Nocturnas "70 aniversario del fin de la II Guerra Mundial: del horror nazi al terror rojo en Alemania"

    W Radio "El drama oculto de las violaciones masivas durante la caída de Berlín"

    La Tercera "BBC: El drama oculto de las violaciones masivas durante la caída de Berlín"

    Noticias de Paraguay "El drama de las alemanas violadas por tropas soviéticas hacia el final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial"

    Cnn Hit New "The drama hidden mass rape during the fall of Berlin"

    Dân Luận "Trần Lê - Hồng quân, nỗi kinh hoàng của phụ nữ Berlin 1945"

    Český rozhlas "Temná stránka sovětského vítězství: znásilňování Němek"

    Historia "Cerita Kelam Perempuan Jerman Setelah Nazi Kalah Perang"

    G'Le Monde "Nỗi kinh hoàng của phụ nữ Berlin năm 1945 mang tên Hồng Quân"

    BBC News 코리아 "베를린에서 벌어진 대규모 강간"

    Эхо Москвы "Дилетанты. Красная армия в Европе"

    Der Freitag "Eine Schnappschussidee"

    باز آفريني واقعيت ها "تجاوز در برلین"

    Quadriculado "O Fim da Guerra e o início do Pesadelo. Duas narrativas sobre o inferno"

    Majano Gossip "PER NON DIMENTICARE... LE PORCHERIE COMUNISTE!"

    非中国日报网 "柏林的强奸"

    Constantin Film "Anonyma - Eine Frau in Berlin. Materialien zum Film"

    Русская Германия "Я прижал бедную маму к своему сердцу и долго утешал"

    De Gruyter Oldenbourg "Erinnerung an Diktatur und Krieg. Brennpunkte des kulturellen Gedächtnisses zwischen Russland und Deutschland seit 1945"

    Memuarist.com "Гельфанд Владимир Натанович"

    Πανεπιστημίου Ιωαννίνων "Οι νόμοι του Πλάτωνα για την υβριστική κακολογία και την κατάχρηση του δημοσίου"

    The Book of Nicholas Stargardt "Der deutsche Krieg: 1939 - 1945"/Николас Старгардт "Мобилизованная нация. Германия 1939–1945"

    FAKEOFF "Оглянуться в прошлое"

    The book of Nicholas Stargardt "The German War: A Nation Under Arms, 1939–45"

    The book of Nicholas Stargardt "The German War: A Nation Under Arms, 1939–45"

    Книга "Владимир Гельфанд. Дневник 1941 - 1946"

    BBC Русская служба "Изнасилование Берлина: неизвестная история войны"/BBC Україна "Зґвалтування Берліна: невідома історія війни"

    Virtual Azərbaycan "Berlinin zorlanması"

    Гефтер "Олег Будницкий: «Дневник, приятель дорогой!» Военный дневник Владимира Гельфанда"

    Гефтер "Владимир Гельфанд. Дневник 1942 года"

    BBC Tiếng Việt "Lính Liên Xô 'hãm hiếp phụ nữ Đức'"

    Nicolas Bernard "La Guerre germano-soviétique, 1941-1943" Tome 1"

    Nicolas Bernard "La Guerre germano-soviétique, 1943-1945" Tome 2

    Эхо Москвы "ЦЕНА ПОБЕДЫ: Дневники лейтенанта Гельфанда"

    Renato Furtado "Soviéticos estupraram 2 milhões de mulheres alemãs, durante a Guerra Mundial"

    Вера Дубина "«Обыкновенная история» Второй мировой войны: дискурсы сексуального насилия над женщинами оккупированных территорий"

    Еврейский музей и центр толерантности "Презентация книги Владимира Гельфанда «Дневник 1941-1946»"

    Еврейский музей и центр толерантности "Евреи в Великой Отечественной войне"

    Сидякин & Би-Би-Си. Драма в трех действиях. "Атака"

    Сидякин & Би-Би-Си. Драма в трех действиях. "Бой"

    Сидякин & Би-Би-Си. Драма в трех действиях. "Победа"

    Сидякин & Би-Би-Си. Драма в трех действиях. Эпилог

    Труд "Покорность и отвага: кто кого?"

    Издательский Дом «Новый Взгляд» "Выставка подвига"

    Katalog NT "Выставка "Евреи в Великой Отечественной войне " - собрание уникальных документов"

    Вести "Выставка "Евреи в Великой Отечественной войне" - собрание уникальных документов"

    Радио Свобода "Бесценный графоман"

    Вечерняя Москва "Еще раз о войне"

    РИА Новости "Выставка про евреев во время ВОВ открывается в Еврейском музее"

    Телеканал «Культура» Выставка "Евреи в Великой Отечественной войне" проходит в Москве

    Россия HD "Вести в 20.00"

    GORSKIE "В Москве открылась выставка "Евреи в Великой Отечественной войне"

    Aгентство еврейских новостей "Евреи – герои войны"

    STMEGI TV "Открытие выставки "Евреи в Великой Отечественной войне"

    Национальный исследовательский университет ВыUSAя школа экономики "Открытие выставки "Евреи в Великой Отечественной войне"

    Независимая газета "Война Абрама"

    Revista de Historia "El lado oscuro de la victoria aliada en la Segunda Guerra Mundial"

    עיתון סינאתלה גביש הסמל ולדימיר גלפנד מספר על חיי היומיום במלחמה , על אורח חיים בחזית ובעורף

    Лехаим "Война Абрама"

    Elhallgatva "A front emlékezete. A Vörös Hadsereg kötelékében tömegesen és fiatalkorúakon elkövetett nemi erőszak kérdése a Dél-Vértesben"

    Libertad USA "El drama de las alemanas: violadas por tropas soviéticas en 1945 y violadas por inmigrantes musulmanes en 2016"

    НГ Ex Libris "Пять книг недели"

    Брестский Курьер "Фамильное древо Бреста. На перекрестках тех дорог…"

    Полит.Ру "ProScience: Олег Будницкий о народной истории войны"

    Олена Проскура "Запiзнiла сповiдь"

    Полит.Ру "ProScience: Возможна ли научная история Великой Отечественной войны?"

    Книга "Владимир Гельфанд. Дневник 1941 - 1946"

    Ahlul Bait Nabi Saw "Kisah Kelam Perempuan Jerman Setelah Nazi Kalah Perang"

    北京北晚新视觉传媒有限公司 "70年前苏军强奸了十万柏林妇女？"

    Преподавание истории в школе "«О том, что происходило…» Дневник Владимира Гельфанда"

    Вестник НГПУ "О «НЕУБЕДИТЕЛЬНЕЙШЕЙ» ИЗ ПОМЕТ: (Высокая лексика в толковых словарях русского языка XX-XXI вв.)"

    Fotografias da História "Memórias esquecidas: o estupro coletivo das mulheres alemãs"

    Archäologisches Landesmuseum Brandenburg "Zwischen Krieg und Frieden"/"Между войной и миром"

    Российская газета "Там, где кончается война"

    Народный Корреспондент "Женщины освобождённой Европы глазами советских солдат: правда про "2 миллиона изнасилованых немок"

    Fiona "Военные изнасилования — преступления против жизни и личности"

    军情观察室 "苏军攻克柏林后暴行妇女遭殃，战争中的强奸现象为什么频发？"

    Независимая газета "Дневник минометчика"

    Независимая газета "ИСПОДЛОБЬЯ: Кризис концепции"

    East European Jewish Affairs "Jewish response to the non-Jewish question: “Where were the Jews during the fighting?” 1941–5"

    Niels Bo Poulsen "Skæbnekamp: Den tysk-sovjetiske krig 1941-1945"

    Olhar Atual "A Esquerda a história e o estupro"

    The book of Stefan-Ludwig Hoffmann, Sandrine Kott, Peter Romijn, Olivier Wieviorka "Seeking Peace in the Wake of War: Europe, 1943-1947"

    Walter de Gruyter "Germans into Allies: Writing a Diary in 1945"

    Blog in Berlin "22. Juni – da war doch was?"

    Steemit "Berlin Rape: The Hidden History of War"

    Estudo Prático "Crimes de estupro na Segunda Guerra Mundial e dentro do exército americano"

    Громадське радіо "Насильство над жінками під час бойових дій — табу для України"

    InfoRadio RBB "Geschichte in den Wäldern Brandenburgs"

    "شگفتی های تاریخ است "پشت پرده تجاوز به زنان برلینی در پایان جنگ جهانی دوم

    Das Buch Hans-Jürgen Beier gewidmet "Lehren – Sammeln – Publizieren"

    The book of Miriam Gebhardt "Crimes Unspoken: The Rape of German Women at the End of the Second World War"

    Русскийвестник "Искажение истории: «Изнасилованная Германия»"

    凯迪 "推荐《柏林女人》与《五月四日》影片"

    Vix "Estupro de guerra: o que acontece com mulheres em zonas de conflito, como Aleppo?"

    Universidad del Bío-Bío "CRÍMENES DE GUERRA RUSOS EN LA SEGUNDA GUERRA MUNDIAL (1940-1945)"

    "المنصة "العنف ضد المرأة.. المسكوت عنه في الحرب العالمية الثانية

    Книга. Олег Шеин "От Астраханского кремля до Рейхсканцелярии. Боевой путь 248-й стрелковой дивизии"

    Cambridge University Press "Of Loss and Loot: Stalin-Era Culture, Foreign Aid, and Trophy Goods in the Soviet Union during the 1940s"

    Sodaz Ot "Освободительная миссия Красной Армии и кривое зеркало вражеской пропаганды"

    Sodaz Ot "Советский воин — освободитель Европы: психология и поведение на завершающем этапе войны"

    企业头条 "柏林战役后的女人"

    Sántha István "A front emlékezete"

    腾讯公司 "二战时期欧洲, 战胜国对战败国的十万妇女是怎么处理的!"

    El Nuevo Accion "QUE LE PREGUNTEN A LAS ALEMANAS VIOLADAS POR RUSOS, NORTEAMERICANOS, INGLESES Y FRANCESES"

    Periodismo Libre "QUE LE PREGUNTEN A LAS ALEMANAS VIOLADAS POR RUSOS, NORTEAMERICANOS, INGLESES Y FRANCESES"

    DE Y.OBIDIN "Какими видели европейских женщин советские солдаты и офицеры (1944-1945 годы)?"

    Magyar Tudományos Akadémia "Váltóállítás: Diktatúrák a vidéki Magyarországon 1945-ben"

    歷史錄 "近1萬女性被強姦致死，女孩撩開裙子說：不下20個男人戳我這兒"

    Cyberpedia "Проблема возмездия и «границы ненависти» у советского солдата-освободителя"

    NewConcepts Society "Можно ли ставить знак равенства между зверствами гитлеровцев и зверствами советских солдат?"

    搜狐 "二战时期欧洲，战胜国对战败国的妇女是怎么处理的"

    Ranker "14 Shocking Atrocities Committed By 20th Century Communist Dictatorships"

    Эхо Москвы "Дилетанты. Начало войны. Личные источники"

    Журнал "Огонёк" "Эго прошедшей войны"

    이창남 외 공저 "폭력과 소통 :트랜스내셔널한 정의를 위하여"

    Уроки истории. XX век "Книжный дайджест «Уроков истории»: советский антисемитизм"

    Свободная Пресса "Кто кого насиловал в Германии"

    EPrints "Взаємовідносини червоноармійців з цивільним населенням під час перебування радянських військ на території Польщі (кінець 1944 - початок 1945 рр.)"

    Pikabu "Обратная сторона медали"

    Озёрск.Ru "Война и немцы"

    Імекс-ЛТД "Історичний календар Кіровоградщини на 2018 рік. Люди. Події. Факти"

    יד ושם - רשות הזיכרון לשואה ולגבורה "Vladimir Gelfand"

    Atchuup! "Soviet soldiers openly sexually harass German woman in Leipzig after WWII victory, 1945"

    Книга Мириам Гебхардт "Когда пришли солдаты. Изнасилование немецких женщин в конце Второй мировой войны"

    Coffe Time "Женщины освобождённой"

    Дилетант "Цена победы. Военный дневник лейтенанта Владимира Гельфанда"

    Feldgrau.Info - Bоенная история "Подборка"

    Вечерний Брест "В поисках утраченного времени. Солдат Победы Аркадий Бляхер. Часть 9. Нелюбовь"

    Геннадий Красухин "Круглый год с литературой. Квартал четвёртый"

    Аргументы недели "Всю правду знает только народ. Почему фронтовые дневники совсем не похожи на кино о войне"

    Fanfics.me "Вспомним подвиги ветеранов!"

    VietInfo "Hồng quân, Nỗi kinh hoàng của phụ nữ Berlin năm 1945"

    Книга: Виталий Дымарский, Владимир Рыжков "Лица войны"

    Birthe Kundrus "Dieser Krieg ist der große Rassenkrieg": Krieg und Holocaust in Europa

    Dozor "Про День Перемоги в Кіровограді, фейкових ветеранів і "липове" примирення"

    East European Jewish Affairs "Review of Dnevnik 1941-1946, by Vladimir Gel’fand"

    The book of Harriet Murav, Gennady Estraikh "Soviet Jews in World War II: Fighting, Witnessing, Remembering"

    TARINGA! "Las violaciones masivas durante la caída de Berlín"

    ВолиньPost "Еротика та війна: спогади про Любомль 1944 року"

    Anews "Молодые воспринимают войну в конфетном обличии"

    RTVi "«Война эта будет дикая». Что писали 22 июня 1941 года в дневниках"

    Tribun Manado "Nasib Kelam Perempuan Jerman Usai Nazi Kalah, Gadis Muda, Wanita Tua dan Hamil Diperkosa Bergantian"

    The book of Elisabeth Krimmer "German Women's Life Writing and the Holocaust: Complicity and Gender in the Second World War"

    ViewsBros "WARTIME VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN"

    Xosé Manuel Núñez Seixas "El frente del Este : historia y memoria de la guerra germano-soviética, 1941-1945"

    اخبار المقطم و الخليفه " إغتصاب برلين الكبير"

    Русская семерка "В чьем плену хуже всего содержались женщины-военные на Второй мировой"

    Nicholas Stargardt "La guerra tedesca. Una nazione sotto le armi 1939-1945"

    Mail Online "Mass grave of 1,800 German soldiers killed at Stalingrad uncovered in Russia"

    PT. Kompas Cyber Media "Kuburan Massal 1.800 Tentara Jerman Ditemukan di Kota Volgograd"

    Công ty Cổ phần Quảng cáo Trực tuyến 24H "Nga: Sửa ống nước, phát hiện 1.800 hài cốt của trận đánh đẫm máu nhất lịch sử"

    LGMI News "Pasang Pipa Air, Tukang Temukan Kuburan Masal 1.837 Tentara Jerman"

    Quora "¿Cuál es un hecho sobre la Segunda Guerra Mundial que la mayoría de las personas no saben y probablemente no quieren saber?"

    "مجله مهاجرت "آنچه روس‌ها در برلین انجام دادند!

    Музейний простiр "Музей на Дніпрі отримав новорічні подарунки під ялинку"

    Bella Gelfand. How in Berlin they killed the wife of the Red Armyman Vladimir Gelfand  

    The book of Paul Roland "Life After the Third Reich: The Struggle to Rise from the Nazi Ruins"

    O Sentinela "Dois Milhões de Alemãs: O Maior Estupro em Massa da História foi um Crime Aliado-Soviético"

    Stratejik Güvenlik "SAVAŞ DOSYASI : TARİHTEN BİR KARE – 2. DÜNYA SAVAŞI BİTİMİNDE ALMANYA’DA KADINLARA TOPLU TECAVÜZLER"

    Агентство новостей «Хакасия-Информ» "Кто остановит шоу Коновалова?"

    Isralike.org "Цена победы. Военный дневник лейтенанта Владимира Гельфанда"

    Robert Dale “For what and for whom were we fighting?”: Red Army Soldiers, Combat Motivation and Survival Strategies on the Eastern Front in the Second World War"

    "طرفداری "پایان رویای نازیسم / سقوط امپراطوری آدولف هیتلر

    Das Buch von Kerstin Bischl "Frontbeziehungen: Geschlechterverhältnisse und Gewaltdynamiken in der Roten Armee 1941-1945"

    Русская семерка "Красноармейцы или солдаты союзников: кто вызывал у немок больший страх"

    Kibalchish "Фрагменты дневников поэта-фронтовика В. Н. Гельфанда"

    History Magazine "Sõjapäevik leitnant Vladimir Gelfand"

    Magazine online "Vojnový denník poručíka Vladimíra Gelfanda"

    theБабель "Український лейтенант Володимир Гельфанд пройшов Другу світову війну від Сталінграда до Берліна"

    Znaj.UA "Жорстокі знущання та масові вбивства: злочини Другої світової показали в моторошних кадрах"

    Gazeta.ua "Масові вбивства і зґвалтування: жорстокі злочини Другої світової війни у фотографіях"

    PikTag "Знали вы о том, что советские солдаты ИЗНАСИЛОВАЛИ бессчетное число женщин по пути к Берлину?"

    Kerstin Bischl "Sammelrezension: Alltagserfahrungen von Rotarmisten und ihr Verhältnis zum Staat"

    Конт "Несколько слов о фронтовом дневнике"

    Livejournal "Уникальный дневник солдата Сталина"

    Sherstinka "Német megszállók és nők. Trófeák Németországból - mi volt és hogyan"

    Олег Сдвижков "Красная Армия в Европе. По страницам дневника Захара Аграненко"

    X-True.Info "«Русские варвары» и «цивилизованные англосаксы»: кто был более гуманным с немками в 1945 году"

    Veröffentlichungen zur brandenburgischen Landesarchäologie "Zwischen Krieg und und Frieden: Waldlager der Roten Armee 1945"

    Sherstinka "Szovjet lányok megerőszakolása a németek által a megszállás alatt. Német fogságba esett nők"

    Dünya Haqqinda "Berlin zorlanmasi: İkinci Dünya Müharibəsi"

    Dioxland "NEMŠKIM VOJAKOM JE BILO ŽAL RUSKIH ŽENSK. VSE KNJIGE SO O: "VOJAŠKIH SPOMINIH NEMŠKEGA..."

    Actionvideo "Gewalt gegen deutsche Frauen durch Soldaten der Roten Armee im Zweiten Weltkrieg"

    Maktime "Was machten die Nazis mit den gefangenen sowjetischen Mädchen? Wer hat deutsche Frauen vergewaltigt und wie sie im besetzten Deutschland gelebt haben"

    Музей «Пам’ять єврейського народу та Голокост в Україні» отримав у дар унікальні експонати

    Sherstinka "Что творили с пленными женщинами фашисты. Жестокие пытки женщин фашистами"

    Bidinvest "Brutalitäten der Sowjetarmee - Über die Gräueltaten der sowjetischen "Befreier" in Europa. Was haben deutsche Soldaten mit russischen Frauen gemacht?"

    Русский сборник XXVII "Советские потребительские практики в «маленьком СССР», 1945-1949"

    Academic Studies Press. Oleg Budnitskii: "Jews at War: Diaries from the Front"

    Gazeta Chojeńska "Wojna to straszna trauma, a nie fajna przygoda"

    Historiadel.net "Crímenes de violación de la Segunda Guerra Mundial y el Ejército de EE. UU."

    화요지식살롱 "2차세계대전 말, 소련에게 베를린을 점령당한 '독일 여자들'이 당한 치욕의 역사"

    The Global Domain News "As the soldiers did to captured German women"

    Quora "Você sabe de algum fato da Segunda Guerra Mundial que a maioria das pessoas não conhece e que, provavelmente, não querem saber?"

    MOZ.de "Als der Krieg an die Oder kam – Flucht aus der Festung Frankfurt"

    Музей "Пам'ять єврейського народу та Голокост в Україні". "1 березня 1923 р. – народився Володимир Гельфанд"

    Wyborcza.pl "Ryk gwałconych kobiet idzie przez pokolenia. Mało kto się nim przejmuje"

    Cноб "Женщина — военный трофей. Polish историк о изнасилованиях в Европе во время Второй мировой"

    Refugo "O estupro da Alemanha"

    Historia National Geographic "la batalla de berlín durante la segunda guerra mundial"

    Politeka "Росіянам напередодні 9 травня нагадали про злочини в Німеччині: «Заплямували себе...»"

    Акценты "Советский офицер раскрыл тайны Второй мировой: рассказал без прикрас"

    БелПресса "Цена Победы. Какой была военная экономика"

    Lucidez "75 años de la rendición nazi: Los matices del “heroísmo” soviético"

    UM CANCERIANO SEM LAR "8 de Maio de 1945"

    Lasteles.com "La Caída de la Alemania Nazi: aniversario de la rendición de Berlin"

    Cloud Mind "Violence Against Women: The Rape Of Berlin WW2"

    Музей "Пам'ять єврейського народу та Голокост в Україні" "8 ТРАВНЯ – ДЕНЬ ПАМ’ЯТІ І ПРИМИРЕННЯ"

    Lunaturaoficial "LIBROS QUE NO HICIERON HISTORIA: EL DIARIO DE LOS HORRORES"

    CUERVOPRESS "El drama oculto de las violaciones masivas durante la caída de Berlín"

    EU Today "The Rape of Berlin: Red Army atrocities in 1945"

    Издательство Яндекс + История будущего "Настоящий 1945"

    Вне строк "Похищение Берлина: зверства Красной армии в 1945 году"

    Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung "Erlebt Russland eine neue Archivrevolution?"

    The book of Beata Halicka "The Polish Wild West: Forced Migration and Cultural Appropriation in the Polish-german Borderlands, 1945-1948"

    Twentieth-Century Literature “A World of Tomorrow”: Trauma, Urbicide, and Documentation in A Woman in Berlin: Eight Weeks in the Conquered City

    Märkische Onlinezeitung "Sowjetische Spuren in Brandenburgs Wäldern"

    Revue Belge de Philologie et d’Histoire "Soviet Diaries of the Great Patriotic War"

    Der Spiegel "Rotarmisten und deutsche Frauen: "Ich gehe nur mit anständigen Russen"

    ReadSector "Mass grave of WWII Nazi paratroopers found in Poland contains 18 skeletons and tools with swastikas"

    ИноСМИ "Der Spiegel (Германия): «Я гуляю только с порядочными русскими»"

    Actionvideo "Jak naziści szydzili z rosyjskich kobiet. Gwałt w Berlinie: nieznana historia wojny"

    Вера Дубина "Сексуальное насилие в памяти о Второй мировой войне"

    Graf Orlov 33 "ДНЕВНИК В. ГЕЛЬФАНДА советского офицера РККА"

    Deutsche Welle "Послевоенная Германия в дневниках и фотографиях"

    Deutsche Welle "За что немки любили в 1945 году лейтенанта Красной армии?"

    Elke Scherstjanoi "Sieger leben in Deutschland: Fragmente einer ungeübten Rückschau. Zum Alltag sowjetischer Besatzer in Ostdeutschland 1945-1949"

    SHR32 "Rus əsgərləri alman qadınlarına necə istehza etdilər. Alman qadınlarını kim zorlayıb və onlar işğal olunmuş Almaniyada necə yaşayıblar"

    Детектор медіа "«Гра тіней»: є сенс продовжувати далі"

    Historia provinciae "Повседневная жизнь победителей в советской зоне оккупации Германии в воспоминаниях участников событий"

    Portal de Prefeitura "Artigo: “FRAU, KOMM!” O maior estupro coletivo da história"

    Pikabu "Извращение или традиция, потерявшая смысл?"

    Русская Семерка "Владимир Гельфанд: от каких слов отказался «отец» мифа об изнасиловании немок советскими солдатами"

    Институт российской истории РАН "Вторая мировая и Великая Отечественная: к 75-летию окончания"

    Kozak UA "Як "діди" німкень паплюжили в 1945 році"

    Dandm "Cómo los nazis se burlaron de las mujeres rusas. Mujeres rusas violadas y asesinadas por los alemanes"

    Permnew.Ru "«Диван» Федора Вострикова. Литобъединение"

    Neurologystatus "Violence women in the Second World War. Shoot vagas: why soldiers rape women"

    Brunilda Ternova "Mass rapes by Soviet troops in Germany at the end of World War II"

    The book Stewart Binns "Barbarossa: And the Bloodiest War in History"

    Reddit "Did the Soviet Army really raped 2 million women during WW2? Are the numbers correct?"

    Книга. Новое литературное обозрение: Будницкий Олег "Люди на войне"

    Леонід Мацієвський "9 травня – День перемоги над здоровим глуздом. Про згвалтовану Європу та Берлін"

    Полит.Ру "Люди на войне"

    #CОЦИАЛЬНАЯ ИСТОРИЯ #ПАМЯТЬ "Владимир Гельфанд: месяц в послевоенном Берлине"

    Новое литературное обозрение "Ирина Прохорова, Олег Будницкий, Иван Толстой: Люди на войне"

    JoyReactor "Зверства советских солдат во время Великой Отечественной войны"

    Georgetown University "Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History": "Emotions and Psychological Survival in the Red Army, 1941–42"

    Forum24 "Co se dělo se zajatými rudoarmějkami? Jaký byl osud zajatých žen z Wehrmachtu?"

    Quora, Inc. "Which was the cruelest army in WW2 and WW1?"

    Радио Свобода "Война и народная память"

    Лехаим "Двадцать второго июня…"

    Русская семёрка "Как изменилось отношение немок к красноармейцам в 1945 году"

    Исторический курьер "Героизм, герои и награды: «героическая сторона» Великой Отечественной войны в воспоминаниях современников"

    Коммерсантъ "Фронт и афронты"

    Русская семёрка "Владимир Гельфанд: что не так в дневниках автора мифа об «изнасилованной» Германии"

    Medium "The Brutal Rapes of Every German Female from Eight to Eighty"

    Neurologystatus "Violence women in the Second World War. Shoot vagas: why soldiers rape women"

    "نیمرخ "نقش زنان در جنگها - قسمت اول: زنان به مثابه قربانی جنگ

    Bolcheknig "Що німці робили з жінками. Уривок з щоденника дівчини, яку німці використовували як безкоштовну робочу силу. Життя в таборі"

    Nrgaudit "Рассказы немецких солдат о войне с русскими. Мнения немцев о русских солдатах во время Второй мировой войны"

    Музей "Пам'ять єврейського народу та Голокост в Україні "На звороті знайомого фото"

    Новое литературное обозрение. Книга: Козлов, Козлова "«Маленький СССР» и его обитатели. Очерки социальной истории советского оккупационного сообщества"

    Sattarov "Mga babaeng sundalo sa pagkabihag ng Aleman. Kabanata limang mula sa librong "Pagkabihag. Ito ang ginawa ng mga Nazi sa mga nahuling kababaihan ng Soviet"

    Política Obrera "Sobre “José Pablo Feinmann y la violación en manada"

    Эхо Москвы "Цена победы. Люди на войне"

    SHR32 "How Russian soldiers mocked German women. Trophies from Germany - what it was and how. Who raped German women and how they lived in occupied Germany"

    Олег Сдвижков: "«Советских порядков не вводить!» Красная армия в Европе 1944—1945 гг."

    Livejournal "Чья бы мычала"

    Newton Compton Editori. Stewart Binns "Operazione Barbarossa. Come Hitler ha perso la Seconda guerra mondiale"

    Kingvape "Rosa Kuleshovs Belichtung. Rosa Kuleshov ist die mysteriöseste Hellseherin der Sowjetzeit. Zwischen rot und grün"

    Kfdvgtu الجوائز من ألمانيا - ما كان عليه وكيف. الذين اغتصبوا الألمانية وكيف عاش في ألمانيا المحتلة

    nc1 "Αναμνήσεις στρατιωτών πρώτης γραμμής για Γερμανίδες. Οι απόψεις των Γερμανών για τους Ρώσους στρατιώτες κατά τον Β' Παγκόσμιο Πόλεμο"

    ik-ptz "Was haben deutsche Soldaten mit russischen Mädchen gemacht? Das haben die Nazis mit gefangenen sowjetischen Frauen gemacht"

    مراجعة عسكرية نساء أوروبا المحررات من خلال عيون الجنود والضباط السوفيت (1944-1945)

    nc1 "Scrisori de soldați ruși despre germani. Cum au șocat femeile sovietice pe ocupanții germani"

    中新健康娱乐网 "柏林战役德国女人 70年前苏军强奸了十万柏林妇女？"

    "پورتال برای دانش آموز. خودآموزی، "نازی ها با زنان اسیر چه کردند؟ نحوه آزار نازی ها از کودکان در اردوگاه کار اجباری سالاسپیلس

    Русская Семерка "Каких штрафников в Красной Армии называли «эсэсовцами»"

    Голос Народу "Саша Корпанюк: Кто и кого изнасиловал в Германии?"

    Gorskie "Новые источники по истории Второй мировой войны: дневники"

    TransQafqaz.com Fedai.az Araşdırma Qrupu

    Ik-ptz "What did the Nazis do with the captured women. How the Nazis abused children in the Salaspils concentration camp"

    Евгений Матонин "22 июня 1941 года. День, когда обрушился мир"

    Ulisse Online "Per non dimenticare: orrori contro i bambini"

    Наука. Общество. Оборона "«Изнасилованная Германия»: из истории современных ментальных войн"

    Quora "Por que muitos soldados estupram mulheres durante guerras?"

    Stefan Creuzberger "Das deutsch-russische Jahrhundert: Geschichte einer besonderen Beziehung"

    პორტალი სტუდენტისთვის "როგორ დასცინოდნენ რუსი ჯარისკაცები გერმანელებს"

    Зеркало "Где и когда русское воинство ЧЕСТЬ потеряло?"

    EU Political Report "Russia is a Country of Marauders and Murderers"

    Mai Khôi Info "Lính Liên Xô 'hãm hiếp phụ nữ Đức'"

    EU Political Report "Russia is a Country of Marauders and Murderers"

    "بالاترین "روایت ستوان روس «ولادیمیر گلفاند» از «تجاوز جنسی» وحشیانه‌ی ارتش سرخ شوروی به «زنان آلمانی»/عکس

    CyberLeninka "Повседневная жизнь победителей в советской зоне оккупации Германии в воспоминаниях участников событий"

    TCH "Можемо повторити": як радянські солдати по-звірячому і безкарно ґвалтували німецьких жінок

    인사이트 "2차 세계 대전 때에도 독일 점령한 뒤 여성 200만명 성폭행했던 러시아군"

    Robert Lansing Institute "War crimes to reflect the essence of Russians"

    Pravda.Ru "Fake news about fake rapes in Ukraine to ruin Russian solder's image"

    Alexey Tikhomirov "The Stalin Cult in East Germany and the Making of the Postwar Soviet Empire, 1945-1961"

    Дилетант "Олег Будницкий / Человек на фоне эпох / Книжное казино. Истории"

    The Sault Star "OPINION: Suffering of children an especially ugly element of war"

    El Español "Por qué la Brutalidad del Ejército Ruso se Parece más a una Novela de Stephen King que de Orwell"

    Ratnik.tv "Одесса. Еврейский вопрос. Дорогами смерти"

    Алексей Митрофанов "Коммунальная квартира"

    Militaergeschichtliche Zeitschrift "Evakuierungs‑ und Kriegsschauplatz Mark Brandenburg"

    Raovatmaytinh "Phim cấp 3 tội ác tra tấn tình dục và hiếp dâm của phát xít đức phần 1"

    Apollo.lv "Kā Otrais pasaules karš noslēdzās ar PSRS armijas veiktu masveida izvarošanas kampaņu Vācijā"

    Как ў Беларусі "Who raped whom in Germany" / "Кто кого насиловал в Германии"

    Konkretyka "Діди-ґвалтівники, або міф про «воїнів-освободітєлєй»"

    LinkedIn "Grandfathers-rapists, or the myth of "warriors-liberators"​. Typical Russian imperial character"

    Danielleranucci "Lit in the Time of War: Gelfand, Márquez, and Ung"

    Смоленская газета "Истинная правда и её фальшивые интерпретации"

    Дзен "Я влюбился в портрет Богоматери..." Из фронтовых дневников лейтенанта Владимира Гельфанда

    Дзен "Праздник Победы отчасти горек для меня..." Зарубежные впечатления офицера Красной армии Гельфанда

    UkrLineInfo "Жiноча смикалка: способи самозахисту від сексуального насилля в роки Другої світової війни"

    Memo Club. Владимир Червинский: "Одесские истории без хэппи энда"

    Thomas Kersting, Christoph Meißner, Elke Scherstjanoi "Die Waldlager der Roten Armee 1945/46: Archäologie und Geschichte"

    Jean Lopez, Lasha Otkhmezuri "Barbarossa - 1941: La guerre absolue"

    Дилетант "Дневники военного времени"

    Goldenfront "Самосуд над полицаями в Одессе в 1944 году: что это было"

    Gedenkstätten Buchenwald "Nach dem Krieg. Spuren der sowjetischen Besatzungszeit in Weimar 1945-50: Ein Stadtrundgang"

    Historia National Geographic "la segunda guerra mundial al completo, historia del conflicto que cambió el mundo"

    સ્વર્ગારોહણ "કેવી રીતે રશિયન સૈનિકોએ જર્મન લોકોની મજાક ઉડાવી"

    Absorbwell "Causas Y Consecuencias De La Segunda Guerra Mundial Resumen"

    לחימה יהודית א. יהודים בצבא האדום

    Український світ "«Можем повторіть» — про звірства російських солдат під час Другої світової війни"

    Oleg Budnitskii, David Engel, Gennady Estraikh, Anna Shternshis: "Jews in the Soviet Union: A History: War, Conquest, and Catastrophe, 1939–1945"

    Andrii Portnov "Dnipro: An Entangled History of a European City"

    Татьяна Шишкова "Внеждановщина. Советская послевоенная политика в области культуры как диалог с воображаемым Западом"

    The Chilean "Roto". "VIOLADA"

    Дзен "Немок сажайте на мохнатые мотороллеры". Что сделали с пленными немками в Советском Союзе"

    ProNews "Σιλεσία 1945: Με εθνοκάθαρση η πρώτη τιμωρία των Γερμανών για τα εγκλήματα τους στο Β΄ ΠΠ"

    Livejournal "Одесситы - единственные в СССР - устроили самосуд в 1944 году"

    Scribd "Estupro em Massa de Alemãs"

    Музей «Пам’ять єврейського народу та Голокост в Україні» ЦЬОГО ДНЯ – 100-РІЧЧЯ ВІД ДНЯ НАРОДЖЕННЯ ВОЛОДИМИРА ГЕЛЬФАНДА

    Davidzon Radio "Владимир Гельфанд. Шокирующий дневник войны". Валерия Коренная в программе "Крылья с чердака"

    Імекс ЛТД "Історичний календар Кіровоградщини 2023 рік. Люди. Події. Факти"

    Quora "Open to the weather, lacking even primitive sanitary facilities, underfed, the prisoners soon began dying of starvation and disease"

    Infobae "El calvario de las mujeres tras la caída de Berlín: violaciones masivas del Ejército Rojo y ola de suicidios"

    Научная электронная библиотека "Военные и блокадные дневники в издательском репертуаре современной России (1941–1945)"

    Historywithatwist "How Russia has used rape as a weapon of war"

    Інститут історії України "Романтичні стосунки дівчат і жінок із солдатами ворожих армій у роки німецько-радянської війни"

    Я "Масові зґвалтування радянськими військовими німецьких жінок в Берліні під час Другої світової війни"

    Periodista Digital "Las terribles violaciones ocultas tras la caída de Berlín"

    Tạp chí Nước Đức "Hồng quân Liên Xô, nỗi kinh hoàng của phụ nữ Berlin năm 1945"

    "زیتون | سایت خبری‌ تحلیلی زیتون "بدن زن؛ سرزمینی که باید فتح شود!

    Enciclopedia Kiddle Español "Evacuación de Prusia Oriental para niños"

    Ukraine History "Діди-ґвалтівники, або міф про «воїнів-визволителів». Типовий російський імперський характер"

    LWL Landesmuseum Herne "Sterne im Wald - Soldaten der Roten Armee zwischen Krieg und Frieden 1945"

    Локальна Історiя "Жаске дежавю: досвід зустрічі з "визволителями"

    Tamás Kende "Class War or Race War The Inner Fronts of Soviet Society during and after the Second World War"

    museum-digital berlin "Vladimir Natanovič Gel'fand"

    니콜라스 스타가르트 저 "독일인의 전쟁 1939-1945"

    知乎 "苏联红军在二战中的邪恶暴行"

    Вестник Омского Университета "ВЕЛИКАЯ ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННАЯ ВОЙНА В ЧЕЛОВЕЧЕСКОМ ИЗМЕРЕНИИ"

    Mast.al "Silesia 1945: Spastrimin Etnik, Dënimi i Parë i Gjermanëve për Krimet e Tyre në L2B"

    Quora "History of World War 2 and its aftermath"

    Засновано на реальних подіях: "Ґвалтували КОЖНУ від 8 до 80..!" - свідчення "подвигів" червоноармійців у Німеччині, Польщі та СРСР

    Teletype "И три дня на разграбление…"

    Еврейский музей и центр толерантности "По следам дневников Гельфанда"

    Jornal de Psicanálise "Homens homenageados usurpam os corpos de mulheres violadas, e a guerra não tem rosto de mulher: apenas corpos"

    Brandenburgikon "Waldlager der Roten Armee"

    Bertrada.uno "Apa yang Terjadi pada Mayat-mayat di Pertempuran Berlin?" /Grunge "What Happened To The Bodies At The Battle Of Berlin?"

    Сноб Медиа «Истоки советской фотографии» в Еврейском музее

    Das Buch von Volker Heise "1945"

    Regioactive "Anonyma (i. e. Marta Hillers) und Wladimir N. Gelfand. Doppelporträts und exemplarische Texte"

    United24 Media "Sexual Violence as a Tool Of Russian Warfare, From World War II to Today in Ukraine"

    Музей "Пам'ять єврейського народу та Голокост в Україні": "Мрія бути письменником"

    Еврейская община Днепра "Єврейський Музей уперше опублікував уривки зі знаменитого щоденника Володимира Гельфанда"

    "خبرفوری "رازهای مگوی جنگ جهانی دوم؛ ماجرای تجاوز ارتش سرخ شوروی به زنان آلمانی چه بود؟ / از سربازان پیر تا همسایگان خاموش

    Medium "80 Years After World War II: Love and Hatred in the Ruins — Vladimir Gelfand’s Diaries as a Mirror of Soviet Memory"

    Hit Radio FFH "Was bisher geschah. Kriegsende 1945. Hitlers letzte Offensive"

    Jewish "В Еврейском музее откроется выставка в честь 80-летия Победы"

    Museum Berlin-Karlshorst "LA CAPITULATION ALLEMANDE DE MAI 1945" /"KAPITULACJA NIEMIECKA W MAJU 1945 R."

    Das Buch von Will und Roswitha Quadflieg »Ich will lieber schweigen«: Das Tagebuch eines Schauspielers aus den Jahren 1945/46 und die Fragen seiner Tochter

    Storica National Geographic "La Seconda Guerra Mondiale nella sua interezza: storia di un conflitto che ha cambiato il mondo"

    Deutsche Welle "2 de maio de 1945: a queda da Berlim nazista"

    Museum Berlin-Karlshorst "DIE DEUTSCHE KAPITULATION IM MAI 1945"

    Ukraine History "Діди-ґвалтівники, або міф про «воїнів-визволителів». Типовий російський імперський характер"

    Copernico "Völkerwanderung. Der Schauplatz Reetz (Neumark) 1945"

    Museum Berlin-Karlshorst "КАПІТУЛЯЦІЯ НІМЕЧЧИНИ У ТРАВНІ 1945 РОКУ" /"THE GERMAN SURRENDER IN MAY 1945"

    lenta.ru «Улыбаясь и плача, обнимаются и целуются все подряд» Великая Победа в воспоминаниях очевидцев. Как мир встретил 9 мая 1945 года?

    Here "Echoes from the Abyss: A Monologue on War's Hidden Wounds"

    Дзен "Что сделали красноармейцы с пленной немецкой девушкой"

    Leonardo Historia "SAQUEO DE BERLIN - SEGUNDA GUERRA MUNDIAL"

    PressReader: Muy Historia "VIOLACIONES MASIVAS DE BERLINESAS"

    Weekend "Не забыть никогда"

    SAGA Egmont "Berlins fall"

    Das Buch von Rüdiger Barth, Hauke Friederichs "Deutschland 1946: Das Wunder beginnt"

    В пламени историй "Что делали красноармейцы с пленными немецкими девушками? Вся правда о «миллионах жертв» немок!"

    Lark " 从柏林到布查：弗拉基米尔·盖尔芬德的日记与重复的暴力之镜。"

    Jean Lopez , Lasha Otkhmezuri "Operațiunea Barbarossa. Frontul de Est, 1941. Războiul total"

    Historical Frontlines "A Soviet Soldier's First Sight of Germany: What They Found"

    e-noticies "La victòria i la misèria: el front oriental a través dels ulls de Vladímir Gelfand"

    Новоархангельський краєзнавчий музей "Володимир Натанович Гельфанд"

    Alexander Wallasch: Melnyk am sowjetischen Ehrenmal in Berlin: „Die Ukrainer haben Berlin befreit“

    Instagram "Vladimir Gelfand, un ukrainien à Berlin"